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Chapter 7

Component Data and

References

Component Data

None of us has the time or space to col-

lect all the literature available on the many

different commercially available manu-

factured components. Even if we did, the

task of keeping track of new and obsolete

devices would surely be formidable. For-

tunately, amateurs tend to use a limited

number of component types. This section,

by Douglas Heacock, AAØMS, provides

information on the components most often

used by the Amateur Radio experimenter.

COMPONENT VALUES

Throughout this Handbook, composi-

tion resistors and small-value capacitors

are specified in terms of a system of “pre-

ferred values.” This system allows manu-

facturers to supply these components in a

standard set of values, which, when con-

sidered along with component toler-

ances, satisfy the vast majority of circuit

requirements.

The preferred values are based on a

roughly logarithmic scale of numbers

between 1 and 10. One decade of these

values for three common tolerance ratings

is shown in

Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 represents the two significant

digits in a resistor or capacitor value.

Multiply these numbers by multiples of ten

to get other standard values. For example,

22 pF, 2.2

μF,

220

μF,

and 2200

μF

are all

standard capacitance values, available in

all three tolerances. Standard resistor val-

ues include 3.9

Ω,

390

Ω,

39000

and

3.9 MΩ in ±5% and ±10% tolerances. All

standard resistance values, from less than

to about 5 MΩ are based on this table.

Each value is greater than the next

smaller value by a multiplier factor

that depends on the1 tolerance. For ±5%

devices, each value is approximately 1.1

times the next lower one. For ±10%

devices, the multiplier is 1.21, and for

±20% devices, the multiplier is 1.47. The

resultant values are rounded to make up

the series.

Tolerance refers to a range of accept-

able values above and below the specified

component value. For example, a 4700-Ω

resistor rated for ±20% tolerance can have

an actual value anywhere between 3760

Table 7.1

Standard Values for Resistors and

Capacitors

±5%

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.6

3.9

4.3

4.7

5.1

5.6

6.2

6.8

7.5

8.2

9.1

10.0

±10%

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.2

2.7

3.3

3.9

4.7

5.6

6.8

8.2

10.0

6.8

4.7

3.3

2.2

1.5

and 5640

Ω.

You may always substitute a

closer-tolerance device for one with a

wider tolerance. For projects in this Hand-

book, assume a 10% tolerance if none is

specified.

COMPONENT MARKINGS

The values, tolerances or types of most

small components are typically marked

with a color code or an alphanumeric code

according to standards agreed upon by

component manufacturers. The Electronic

Industries Alliance (EIA) is a US agency

that sets standards for electronic compo-

nents, testing procedures, performance

and device markings. The EIA cooperates

with other standards agencies such as the

International Electrotechnical Commis-

sion (IEC), a worldwide standards agency.

You can often find published EIA stan-

dards in the engineering library of a col-

lege or university.

The standard EIA color code is used to

identify a variety of electronic compo-

nents. Most resistors are marked with

color bands according to the code, shown

Table 7.2.

Some types of capacitors and

inductors are also marked using this color

code.

Resistor Markings

Carbon-composition, carbon-film, and

metal-film resistors are typically manufac-

tured in roughly cylindrical cases with axial

leads. They are marked with color bands as

shown in

Fig 7.1A.

The first two bands

represent the two significant digits of the

component value, the third band represents

the multiplier, and the fourth band (if there

is one) represents the tolerance. Some units

±20%

1.0

Component Data and References

7.1

Table 7.2

Resistor-Capacitor Color Codes

Color

Black

Brown

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Gray

White

Gold

Silver

No color

Significant

Figure

Decimal

Multiplier

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

0.1

0.01

Tolerance

(%)

Voltage

Rating*

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

500

Fig 7.2—Typical carbon-composition

resistor sizes.

*Applies to capacitors only

are marked with a fifth band that represents

the percentage of resistance change per

1000 hours of oper-ation: brown = 1%; red

= 0.1%; orange = 0.01%; and yellow =

0.001%. Precision resistors (EIA Std RS-

279,Fig 7.1B) and some mil-spec (MIL

STD-1285A) resistors also use five color

bands. On precision resistors, the first

three

bands are used for significant figures and

the space between the fourth and fifth bands

is wider than the others, to identify the tol-

erance band. On the military resistors, the

fifth band indicates reliability information,

such as failure rate.

For example, if a resistor of the type

shown in Fig 7.1A is marked with A = red;

B = red; C = orange; D = no color, the

significant figures are 2 and 2, the multi-

plier is 1000, and the tolerance is ±20%.

The device is a 22,000-Ω, ±20% unit.

Some resistors are made with radial

leads (Fig 7.1C) and are marked with a

color code in a slightly different scheme.

For example, a resistor as shown in

Fig 7.1C is marked as follows: A (body) =

blue; B (end) = gray; C (dot) = red; D (end)

= gold. The significant figures are 6 and 8,

the multiplier is 100, and the tolerance is

±5%; 6800

with ±5% tolerance.

Resistor Power Ratings

Carbon-composition and metal-film

resistors are available in standard power

ratings of

, 1 and 2 W. The

- and

-W sizes are relatively expen-

sive and difficult to purchase in small

quantities. They are used only where min-

iaturization is essential. The

, 1, and

2-W composition resistor packages are

drawn to scale in

Fig 7.2.

Metal-film re-

sistors are typically slightly smaller than

carbon-composition units of the same

power rating. Film resistors can usually

be identified by a glossy enamel coating

and an hourglass profile. Carbon-film

and metal-film are the most commonly

available resistors today, having largely

replaced the less-stable carbon-composi-

tion resistors.

Capacitor Markings

A variety of systems for capacitor mark-

ings are in use. Some use color bands,

some use combinations of numbers and

letters. Capacitors may be marked with

their value, tolerance, temperature char-

acteristics, voltage ratings or some subset

of these specifications.

Fig 7.3

shows sev-

eral popular capacitor marking systems.

In addition to the value, ceramic disk

capacitors may be marked with an alpha-

numeric code signifying temperature

characteristics.

Table 7.3

explains the

EIA code for ceramic-disk capacitor tem-

perature characteristics. The code is made

up of one character from each column in

the table. For example, a capacitor marked

Z5U is suitable for use between +10 and

+85°C, with a maximum change in capaci-

tance of –56% or +22%.

Capacitors with highly predictable tem-

perature coefficients of capacitance are

sometimes used in oscillators that must be

frequency stable with temperature. If an

application called for a temperature coef-

ficient of –750 ppm/°C (N750), a capaci-

tor marked U2J would be suitable. The

older industry code for these ratings is

being replaced with the EIA code shown

Common Resistors

(A)

A B

C D E

High Precision

(B)

A B

C D

Wide Space

(C)

Fig 7.1—Color coding and

body size for fixed

resistors. The color code is

given in Table 7.2. The

colored areas have the

following significance.

A—First significant figure of

resistance in ohms.

B—Second significant

figure.

C—Decimal multiplier.

D—Resistance in percent. If

no color is shown the

tolerance is ±20%.

E—Relative percent change

in value per 1000 hours of

operation; Brown, 1%;

Red 0.1%; Orange 0.01%;

Yellow 0.001%.

7.2

Chapter 7

−

First Significant Figure

−

Second Significant Figure

−

Decimal Multiplier

1st Significant Figure in pF

2nd Significant Figure in pF

Multiplier

Voltage

Std.

Color

Code

Temperature

Coefficient

−

Capacitance

Multiplier

1st Significant Figure in pF

2nd Significant Figure in pF

Multiplier

Tolerance

Voltage

Std.

Color

Code

Color Code for Ceramic Capacitors

C apacitance

T olerance

Deci-

S igni- mal

ficant Multi-

C olor

F igure plier

Black

Brown 1

100

Red

1000

Orange 3

Yellow 4

Green 5

Blue

Violet

0.01

Gray

0.1

White

than

10 pF

(in %)

±20

± 1

± 2

Les s

than

10 pF

(in pF )

2.0

T emp.

C oeff.

ppm/

deg. C

−

−150

−220

−330

−470

−750

500

Brown

Red

Yellow

100

250

400

Black ± 20%

White ± 10%

Green ± 5%

Yellow

Green

Blue

Gray

White

Black

Pink

6.3

Gray

White

Black

Brown

Red

0.01

100

Polyester Capacitors

Capacitance (μF)

Stripe Indicates

Positive Lead

Rated Voltage (V)

(B)

± 5

0.5

±10

0.25

1.0

Tantalum Capacitors

(D)

Temperature Coefficient

Color Code

(A)

0.01

μF

± 20%

120 pF

± 10%

4.7 pF

± 0.5 pF

56p

Significant

Figures of

Capacitance

Decimal Point

and Multiplier

p = x 10-12 (pF)

n = x 10-9 (nF)

Marking

p68

p62

1p0

1p2

1p5

1p8

2p2

2p7

3p3

3p9

4p7

5p6

6p8

8p2

10p

12p

(pF )

100

120

150

180

220

270

Marking

15p

18p

22p

27p

33p

39p

47p

56p

68p

82p

n10

n12

n15

n18

n22

n27

103M

121K

1st Digit

4R7D

Tolerance

2nd Digit

1st Digit

2nd Digit

Multiplier

Tolerance

(pF )

Decimal Point

Multiplier

Number

Multiply B y

NONE

100

1000

10,000

Letter

T olerance

≤

10 pF

± 0.1 pF

± 0.25 pF

± 0.5 pF

−

± 1

−

≥

10 pF

−

± 25%

± 1%

± 2%

± 2.5%

± 5%

± 10%

± 20%

−

0 +100%

−

20 +50%

−

0 +200%

−

20 +40%

−

20 +80%

Ceramic Capacitors

(E)

T emperature

C oefficient

C olor

Black

NP0

Brown

N030/N033

Red

N075/N080

Orange

N 150

Yellow

N 220

Green

N 330

Blue

N 470

Violet

N 750

Gray

White

P 100

Red and P 100

Violet

0.68

0.82

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.2

2.7

3.3

3.9

4.7

5.6

6.8

8.2

European Markings

(F)

EIA or MIL Characteristic (see chart)

STYLE

DM = Dipped Mica

CM = Molded

EIA Lead Style

C = Crimped

S = Straight

Letter

Des ignator

"C haracteris tic"

Max C apacitance

Drift

Not Specified

±(0.5% + 0.1 pF)

±(0.3% + 0.1 pF)

±(0.1% + 0.1 pF)

±(0.05% + 0.1 pF)

MIL Vibration Grade

1 = 10 - 55 Hz

3 = 10 - 2000 Hz

EIA Prefix

−

MIL

−

No Letter

Case Size

EIA or MIL Voltage

Rating (see chart)

R DM 15 FE 561(R) K 5 O (S)

Temperature Range

M =

−55°

to +70° C

N =

−55°

to +85° C

O =

−55°

to +125° C

P =

−55°

to +150° C

"C haracteris tic"

Max R ange of

T emp C oeff

(ppm / deg. C )

Not Specified

±200

±100

−

20 to +100

0 to +70

MIL V oltage C apactitance

T olerance

R ating (V )

(P ercent)

100

250

300

500

600

1000

1200

1500

2000

±1

±2

±5

EIA DC working voltage

in hundreds of volts

Capacitance tolerance

(see chart)

Capacitance in pF. First two digits significant figures, third digit

indicates zeros. Letter R, when used, indicates the decimal point

when three-significant-figure values are required. (Value sh

own is

561.0 pF.)

HBK05_07-003

EIA or MIL Designation for Mica Capacitors

(G)

2500

±10

3000

4000

±20

MIL voltage ratings for other letter designators: N=5000 V, P=6000 V, Q=8000

V, R=10,000 V, S-12,000 V, T=15,000 V, U=20,000 V, V=25,000 V, W=30,000

V, X=35,000 V.

Fig 7.3—Capacitors can be identified by color codes and markings. Shown here are identifying markings found on many

common capacitor types.

Component Data and References

7.3

Table 7.4.

NP0 (that is, N-P-zero)

means “negative, positive, zero.” It is a

characteristic often specified for RF cir-

cuits requiring temperature stability, such

as VFOs. A capacitor of the proper value

marked C0G is a suitable replacement for

an NP0 unit.

Some capacitors, such as dipped silver-

mica units, have a letter designating the

capacitance tolerance. These letters are

deciphered in

Table 7.5.

Surface-Mount Resistor and

Capacitor Markings

Many different types of electronic com-

ponents, both active and passive, are now

available in surface-mount packages.

These are commonly known as

chip

resis-

tors and capacitors. The very small size of

these components leaves little space for

marking with conventional codes, so brief

alphanumeric codes are used to convey the

most information in the smallest possible

space.

Surface-mount resistors are typically

marked with a three- or four-digit value

code and a character indicating tolerance.

The nominal resistance, expressed in

ohms, is identified by three digits for 2%

(and greater) tolerance devices. The first

two digits represent the significant fig-

ures; the last digit specifies the multiplier

as the exponent of ten. (It may be easier to

remember the multiplier as the number of

zeros you must add to the significant fig-

ures.) For values less than 100

Ω,

the

letter R is substituted for one of the sig-

nificant digits and represents a decimal

point. Here are some examples:

Resistor

Code

101

224

1R0

22R

R10

Table 7.3

EIA Temperature Characteristic Codes for Ceramic Disc Capacitors

Minimum

temperature

X –55°C

Y –30°C

Z +10°C

Maximum

temperature

2 +45°C

4 +65°C

5 +85°C

6 +105°C

7 +125°C

Maximum capacitance

change over temperature range

A ±1.0%

B ±1.5%

C ±2.2%

D ±3.3%

E ±4.7%

F ±7.5%

P ±10%

R ±15%

S ±22%

T –33%, +22%

U –56%, +22%

V –82%, +22%

Table 7.4

EIA Capacitor Temperature-

Coefficient Codes

Industry

NP0

N033

N075

N150

N220

Industry

N330

N470

N1500

N2200

EIA

C0G

S1G

U1G

P2G

R2G

EIA

S2H

U2J

P3K

R3L

resents the capacitance in picofarads. For

example, a chip capacitor marked “A4”

would have a capacitance of 10,000 pF, or

0.01

μF.

A unit marked “N1” would be a

33-pF capacitor. If there is sufficient space

on the device package, a tolerance code

Table 7.7

SMT Capacitor Significant Figures

Code

Character Significant

Figures

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.6

3.9

4.3

4.7

Character Significant

Figures

5.1

5.6

6.2

6.8

7.5

8.2

9.1

2.5

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Table 7.5

EIA Capacitor Tolerance Codes

Code

P or GMV*

Tolerance

±1 pF or ±1%

±2 pF or ±2%

±5%

±10%

±15%

±20%

±30%

–0%, +100%

–20%, +40%

–20%, +50%

–20%, +80%

Value

10 and 1 zero = 100

22 and 4 zeros = 220,000

1.0 and no zeros = 1

22.0 and no zeros = 22

0.1 and no zeros = 0.1

If the tolerance of the unit is narrower

than ±2%, the code used is a four-digit code

where the first three digits are the signifi-

cant figures and the last is the multiplier.

The letter R is used in the same way to

represent a decimal point. For example,

1001 indicates a 1000-Ω unit, and 22R0

indicates a 22-Ω unit. The tolerance rating

for a surface-mount resistor is expressed

with a single character at the end of the

numeric value code in

Table 7.6.

Surface-mount capacitors are marked

with a two-character code consisting of a

letter indicating the significant digits (see

Table 7.7)

and a number indicating the

multiplier (see

Table 7.8).

The code rep-

7.4

Chapter 7

*GMV = guaranteed minimum value.

Table 7.8

SMT Capacitor Multiplier Codes

Numeric

Character

Decimal

Multiplier

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

0.1

Table 7.6

SMT Resistor Tolerance Codes

Letter

Tolerance

±0.5%

±1.0%

±2.0%

±5.0%

Table 7.9

Powdered-Iron Toroidal Cores: Magnetic Properties

Inductance and Turns Formula

The turns required for a given inductance or inductance for a given number of turns can be calculated from:

N 100

10,000

where N = number of turns; L = desired inductance (μH ); A

= inductance index (μH per 100 turns).*

AL Values

Size

26**

T-12

T-16

145

T-20

180

T-25

235

T-30

325

T-37

275

T-44

360

T-50

320

T-68

420

T-80

450

T-94

590

T-106

900

T-130

785

T-157

870

T-184

1640

T-200

895

100

140

120

180

175

195

180

248

450

350

420

720

425

160

135

180

170

200

345

250

360

105

100

115

160

325

200

320

500

250

135

110

140

240

120

Mix

133

103

105

116

115

195

100

7.5

8.0

10.0

12.0

16.0

15.0

18.5

18.0

21.0

22.0

32.0

7.5

8.0

10.0

12.0

16.0

15.0

18.5

18.0

21.0

22.0

3.0

3.5

4.5

6.0

4.9

6.5

6.4

7.5

8.5

10.6

19.0

15.0

*The units of AL (μH per 100 turns) are an industry standard; however, to get a correct result use AL only in the formula above.

**Mix-26 is similar to the older Mix-41, but can provide an extended frequency range.

Magnetic Properties Iron Powder Cores

Mix

Color

Yellow/white

Gray

Red/white

Blue

Red

White

Yellow

Black

Green/white

Blue/yellow

Tan

Material

Hydrogen reduced

Carbonyl HP

Carbonyl

GS6

Temp stability

(ppm/°C)

825

370

190

280

150

170

f (MHz)

dc - 1

0.05 - 0.50

0.10 - 2

0.50 - 5

2 - 30

3 - 35

10 - 50

30 - 100

50 - 200

40 - 180

100 - 300

Notes

Used for EMI filters and dc chokes

Excellent stability, good Q for lower

frequencies

Excellent stability, good Q

Similar to Mix-3, but better stability

High Q material

Similar to Mix-2 and Mix-6, but better

temperature stability

Very good Q and temp. stability for

20-50 MHz

Good Q and stability for 40 - 100 MHz

Good Q, moderate temperature stability

Similar to Mix-12, better temperature

stability, Q drops about 10% above 50 MHz,

20% above 100 MHz

Inductance may vary greatly with winding

technique

Carbonyl SF

Powdered iron W

Synthetic oxide

Carbonyl

phenolic

Courtesy of Amidon Assoc and Micrometals

Note: Color codes hold only for cores manufactured by Micrometals, which makes the cores sold by most Amateur Radio distributors.

may be included (see Fig 7.3E for toler-

ance codes). Surface-mount capacitors

can be very small; you may need a magni-

fying glass to read the markings.

INDUCTORS AND CORE

MATERIALS

Inductors, both fixed and variable, are

available in a wide variety of types and

packages, and many offer few clues as to

their values. Some coils and chokes are

marked with the EIA color code shown in

Table 7.2. See

Fig 7.4

for another marking

system for tubular encapsulated RF

chokes.

MIL Spec Ident

(Silver)

First Fig

(Gray)

Second Fig

(Red)

Tolerance

(Silver)

Fig 7.4—Color coding for tubular

encapsulated RF chokes. At A, an

example of the coding for an 8.2-μH

choke is given. At B, the color bands

for a 330-μH inductor are illustrated.

The color code is given in Table 7.2.

Decimal

(Gold)

MIL Spec Ident

(Silver)

Multiplier

(Brown)

8.2

μH

±10%

(A)

First Fig

(Orange)

Second Fig

(Orange)

Tolerance

(Gold)

330

μH

±5%

(B)

HBK0

0 04

Component Data and References

7.5

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