Amazing Numbers in Biology - Rainer Flindt.pdf

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Rainer Flindt · Amazing Numbers in Biology
Rainer Flindt
Amazing Numbers
in Biology
Translated by Neil Solomon
AC
B
Professor Dr.
Rainer Flindt
Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Weg 16
71462 Ludwigsburg
Germany
Translated by:
Neil Solomon
Dantestr. 53
69115 Heidelberg
Germany
This is the translation of the 6
th
German Edition of
“Biologie in Zahlen”
© 2003 Elsevier GmbH, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg
(ISBN 3-8274-1171-8)
The translation was undertaken by Springer Verlag
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938321
ISBN-10 3-540-30146-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540-30146-2
This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is con-
cerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publi-
cation or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of
f
September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science + Business Media
springeronline.com
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
Printed in Germany
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro-
tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Editor: Dr. Dieter Czeschlik, Heidelberg, Germany
Desk Editor: Dr. Jutta Lindenborn, Heidelberg, Germany
Cover design: Design & Production, Heidelberg
Typesetting and Production: Friedmut Kröner, Heidelberg
Printed on acid-free paper – 39/3152-YK – 5 4 3 2 1 0
Contents
Introduction to the 6
th
German Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 1: Zoology
1.1
1.1.0
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
1.1.8
1.1.9
1.1.10
1.1.11
1.1.12
1.1.13
1.1.14
1.1.15
1.1.16
1.1.17
1.1.18
1.1.19
1.1.20
1.1.21
1.1.22
1.1.23
1.2
1.2.0
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
1.2.10
General: Size, Weight, Age …
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Numbers that Amaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approximate Numbers of Species in Selected Major Animal Taxa
Maximum Age of Selected Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Largest Representatives of Selected Animal Taxa
(Excluding Vertebrates and Insects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Largest Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Size of Populations in Colony-Building Insects . . . . . . . . . .
Size and Weight of Selected Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Length of Selected Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Length and Weight of Selected Reptiles . . . . . . . .
Weight and Wingspan of Selected Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Length and Weight of Selected Mammals . . . . . . .
Size of Selected Breeds of Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Height at the Withers (= Shoulder Height) of Horses . . . . . . .
Size and Weights of Selected Extinct Vertebrates . . . . . . . . .
Size of Horns and Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Vertebrae of Selected Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Cervical (Neck) Vertebrae of Selected Vertebrates . .
Relative Skeletal Weight of Selected Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . .
Size of Selected Animal Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Content of Vertebrate Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amino Acid Composition of the Protein of Vertebrates . . . . . .
Effects of Animal Poisons (Not Including Those of Snakes) . . .
Effects of Snake Venoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poisonous Effect of Selected Insecticides on Vertebrates . . . . .
Movement, Locomotion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Numbers that Amaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diameter of Muscle Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Twitch Times for Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contraction Times of Selected Muscles . . . . . .
Maximum Muscular Strength of Selected Muscles
Load-Bearing Record of Selected Muscles . . . .
Number of Wingbeats per Second in Insects . . .
Surface Areas and Surface Loads of Insect Wings
Wingbeat Frequencies in Birds . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Areas and Surface Loads of Bird Wings .
Maximum Speeds of Selected Animals . . . . . .
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