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Render to Caesar:
Jesus, the Early Church,
and the Roman
Superpower
CHRISTOPHER BRYAN
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Render to Caesar
Jesus, the Early Church, and
the Roman Superpower
christopher bryan
1
2005
1
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Copyright
2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bryan, Christopher [date]
Render to Caesar : Jesus, the early church, and the Roman superpower /
Christopher Bryan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-19-518334-4
ISBN-10: 0-19-518334-7
1. Jesus Christ—Political and social views. 2. Church and state—Rome.
3. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30–600. I. Title.
BS2417. P6B79 2005
270.1—dc22
2004026579
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
Contents
Abbreviations, xi
Prologue, 3
1. Israel and Empire: From the Egyptians to the Greeks, 11
2. Israel and Empire: From the Maccabees to the War
against Rome, 25
3. Jesus and Empire: The Teacher and the Man of Deed, 39
Appendix: Jesus, Violence, and Nonviolence, 53
4. Jesus and Empire: The Crucified, 55
Appendix A: The Gospel Passion Narratives as Historical
Sources, 65
Appendix B: Two Jewish Witnesses to the Death of Jesus, 68
Appendix C: Did the Sanhedrin in the Time of Jesus Have
Authority to Execute the Death Penalty?, 71
5. Jesus’ Followers and the Roman Empire: Paul, 77
6. Jesus’ Followers and the Roman Empire: Luke-Acts,
1 Peter, and Revelation, 95
7. Empires Ancient and Modern, 113
8. Unscientific Postscript, 125
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