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Expanding the Qur’anic Bridge:
Historical and Modern Interpretations of the Qur’an in Christian‐
Muslim Dialogue with Special Attention Paid to Ecumenical Trends
Submitted by Corrie Jonn Block to the University of Exeter
as a thesis for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Arab and Islamic Studies
In October 2011
This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and
that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement.
I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that
no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or
any other University.
Signature: …………………………………………………………..
Abstract
The Christian‐Muslim dialogue has exploded in recent decades into a cacophony of voices on
history, politics, theology, and literary criticism, yet there remains little concentrated effort to
preserve the Qur’anic voice in its original context, or highlight those voices from each side that
employ the Qur’an as a builder of bridges rather than walls between Christianity and Islam.
Herein is a survey and analysis of the Christian‐Muslim dialogue during four centuries,
highlighting those voices of ecumenical tone which have more often used the Qur’an for
drawing the two faiths together rather than pushing them apart, and amplifying the voice of
the Qur’an itself.
This study begins with a survey and analysis of voices from the first three centuries of Islam,
arranged thematically, exploring the tone of dialogue and the development of its key themes.
The second section is a survey and anaylsis of Christian and Islamic voices in dialogue from the
most recent century, comparing the two time periods and amplifying voices of ecumenical
tone whose innovations and interpretations may without proper attention be missed by the
academy.
The entire study concentrates not only on the ecumenical tones of dialogicians, but focuses on
the interpretation of the Qur’an, highlighting key verses in the conversation. This study also
amplifies the voice of the Qur’an itself in its historical context, as a dialogical voice.
This research finds that there is tremendous ecumenical ground between Christianity and
Islam in the voices of their own scholars, extending from a period of declining ecumenism
during the first three centuries of Islam, to a period of resurging ecumenism during the most
recent century until now. This study also finds, highlighted among the ecumenical voices in the
Christian‐Muslim dialogue, that the Qur’an itself is possibly among the strongest of those
voices.
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Dedication
For my covenant partner and best friend, Dawn. I’m so glad it’s you.
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Acknowledgements
My personal thanks are due primarily to my family who have believed in and encouraged me
with every breath. My parents and parents‐in‐law, extended family, and my wife and children,
have been my biggest fans. I owe my dedication to interfaith dialogue and scholarly study to
my grandfathers, Henry and Jake, whose legacy I certainly am.
Were it not for the push of my personal mentors, I would never have pursued academic study
at all. I am grateful to Kory S., Randy S., Carl S., Joyce R., Darcy M., Alan L. (همحري
ﷲ), and David
B., who invested in my character, and encouraged me to pursue formal research in order to
answer some of our global community’s concerns. I also thank Murray C. in particular for his
coaching and encouragement, and for being at times both a focal influence, and my defence.
I am grateful to my friends for encouraging me in the daily grind of research, and for reminding
me of who I am as a spiritual person: Khalid, Muhammad, Faez, Walid, Abdul‐Qader, Joey,
Scott, Maarten, David, Mike, and Henri, God bless you all.
Thank you in particular to Ian Richard Netton, who has been an incredible supervisor for this
study. Your confidence in me and keen coaching has made this a life‐giving process.
More generally, the bibliography barely makes tribute to the other giants of thought whose
shoulders I stand on with this work. The research here is made possible truly by the centuries
of continued contribution to academic research and interfaith dialogue by the authors and
scholars who have gone before me. I feel that some of my closest friends have been dead for
centuries already, and I hope to meet you yet. In the meantime, thank you all for your
cumulative thought and writing on what is perhaps the most important question of humanity:
how does what God reveals of himself in history inform how we should behave toward each
other today? Here’s what we’ve come up with so far…
Race to do good deeds and wherever you are, God will bring you together.
Qur’an 2:148
The Lord our God is the one and only Lord. You must love the Lord your God with all your
heart, all your soul, all your mind, and all your strength; and love your neighbor as yourself.
Mark 12:29‐30
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Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 4
Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 8
Table of Pictures ............................................................................................................................ 8
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 9
Motivation for the Study ........................................................................................................... 9
Philosophy, Assumptions and Delimitations ........................................................................... 12
Sources for the Study .............................................................................................................. 18
Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 21
I.1 The First Christian Encounters with Islam .............................................................................. 26
The History of Christianity in Arabia ....................................................................................... 26
Christian Doctrine in South Arabia in the Sixth and Early Seventh Centuries ........................ 30
.
Muhammad’s Direct Encounters with Christians ................................................................... 37
.
The Qur’an: the Original Muslim‐Christian Apology ............................................................... 40
Taḥrīf ................................................................................................................................... 40
The Qur’an on Christians ..................................................................................................... 43
Muhammad’s Prophethood ................................................................................................ 45
Christian Tritheism .............................................................................................................. 45
Jesus .................................................................................................................................... 54
Mary .................................................................................................................................... 59
The Treaty of Muhammad with the Najrān Christians ........................................................... 60
Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................ 61
I.2 Early History and Trends in Interfaith Dialogue ..................................................................... 62
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 62
I.2.i
The Trinity ................................................................................................................... 65
Phase 1 (11/632‐114/733) .................................................................................. 65
Phase 2 (115/734 – 184/800) .............................................................................. 66
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I.2.i.1
I.2.i.2
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