Encyclopedia Britannica 1963 [11].pdf

(116290 KB) Pobierz
THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
CHICAGO
The
E
ncyclopadid Britannica
i
pabliched with the editorial advice
of
thefacaltiPS
s
of The
Uniziz?ersity
Chicago a ~ of a
of
d
committee of members ofthe facalties of Oxford Cumbridge
and London z/niversities and of
a
committee
of
at The Unive~sity Toronto
"
LET
K
N
O
W
L
ED
G
E
G
R
O
W
FR
O
M
M
O
RE
T
O
M
O
R
E
AND THUS BE HUMAN LIFE
E
N
RI
C
H
ED
."
A
Nezu S a n y
of
Univemzl Knowledge
Volume
11
G
UIZOT
T
O
H
YDROXYLAMINE
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, INC.
WILLIAM BENTON,
PUBLISHER
CHICAGO
LONDON
TORONTO
GENEVA
SYDNEY
PRINTED IN THE
U.
S.
A .
F
OU
NDED
A.
D.
1768
Volume
11
GUIZOT H
YD
R
O
XY
L
A
MI
N
E
T
O
(1787-1874)
French historian and statesman, was
born at Nimes. Oct.
4,
I
j8j.
of Protestant parents
His father perished on the scaffold (April
8, 1794)
and the boy was brought up by his mother in Geneva.
I n
180j
Guizot began the study of law in Paris, living
in the house of
M.
Stapfer, formerly Swiss minister in France,
as tutor. H e contributed to the
Publiciste,
and marned
(1812)
Pauline de Meulan, who was also a contributor to Suard's journal.
After her death, in
1827,
Guizot married her niece, Elisa Dillon
(d.
1833).
Their son, Maurice Guillaume
(1833-1892),
became
a
ell-known
scholar and writer. Under the Empire, Guizot
devoted himself exclusively to literary works, including, a critical
edition of Gibbon's
Decline and Fall.
This work led to his ap-
pointment
(1812)
to the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne.
But, though he took no public part in politics, he v7as closely
associated with leading Liberals, notably with Royer-Collard, who
secured for him the position of secretary-general of the Ministry
of the Interior at the first Restoration.
During the Hundred Days Guizot returned to his literary
pursuits. He then went to see Louis XVIII at Ghent, and, in
the name of the Liberal Party, told him frankly that the open
adoption of a liberal policy was the essential condition of a per-
manent monarchy. The advice was ill-received by the king's
advisers, and the visit itself brought him into disgrace with the
Bonapartists.
After the second Restoration Guizot had two short spells of
official work, as secretary-general of the Ministry of Justice
(1815-16)
and as a director at the Ministry of the Interior
(1819-20).
He was one of the leaders of the
Doctrinaires,
mon-
archists who desired a
juste milieu
between absolutism and de-
mocracy. Their motives were honourable. Their views were phil-
osophical. But they were opposed alike to the democratic spirit
of the age, to the military traditions of the empire, and to the
bigotry and absolutism of the court. They lived by a policy of
resistance; they perished by another revolution
(1830).
They
are remembered more for their constant opposition to popular
demands than by their undoubted services.
In
1820,
when the reaction was at its height after the murder
of the duc de Berri and the fall of the ministry of the duc Decazes,
G
UIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME
Guizot \%asdeprived of his offices. and from
1822
to
1828
even
h~s
course of lectures were interdicted. He was now one of the
leaders of the Liberal opposition to the Government of Charles
X.
His numerous works at this period include:
Histoire des origines
dz4 gouvernernent repre'sentatij
(
I
82
1-2 2, 2
vo1.
;
Eng. trans.
1852);
Histoire de la re'volution d'ilngleterre depuis Charles
Z
e
r
d
Clzarles
11.
(2
vols.,
1826-27;
Eng. trans.,
1838),
revised by him
in his later years;
Histoire de la civilzsation e n Europe
(1828;
Eng. trans by
W.
Hazlitt,
3
vols.,
1846)
;
and
Histoire de la civili-
sation e n France
(4
vols.,
1830).
I n addition he published during
this period two great collections of sources for English and French
history, a revised translation of Shakespeare, essays and pam-
phlets.
Hitherto Guizot's fame rested on his merits as a writer on
public affairs and as a lecturer on modern history. I n Jan.
1830
he was elected by Lisieux to the Chamber of Deputies, and he re-
tained that seat during the whole of his political life. His first
speech in the chamber was in defence of the celebrated address
of the
221,
in answer to the menacing speech from the throne,
which was followed by the dissolution of the chamber, and was
the precursor of another revolution. On July
27
Guizot was called
upon by his friends Casimir-PCrier, Laffitte, Villemain and Dupin
to draw up the protest of the Liberal deputies against the royal
ordinances of July, whilst he applied himself with them to control
the revolutionary character of the late contest. Personally,
Guizot deprecated a change in the hereditary line of succession.
But once convinced that it was inevitable, he became one of the
most ardent supporters of Louis-Philippe. From August to No-
vember Guizot was minister of the interior. He had now passed
into the ranks of the Conservatives, and for the next
18
years was
the most determined foe of democracy, the unyielding champion
of "a monarchy limited by a limited number of bourgeois." I n
Marshal Soult's Government formed on Oct.
11, 1832,
Guizot
was minister of public instruction. Guizot applied himself in the
first instance to carry the law of June
28, 1833,
establishing and
organizing primary education. The branch of the Institute of
France known as the AcadCmie des Sciences Morales et Politiques,
suppressed by Napoleon, was revived by Guizot. Some of the old
members of this learned body-Talleyrand, SiCyits, Roederer and
Lakanal-again took their seats there, and new members were

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin