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Mental Math
Kids Can’t Resist!
Tips, Shortcut Strategies, and
60 Fun Practice Pages That Reinforce
Essential Math Skills and
Boost Test Scores
“My weight equals
76 + 6 + 84
. Who can
figure out my weight? ”
Break down the numbers!
= (70 + 6) + 6 + (80 + 4)
= (70 + 80) + (6 + 4) + 6
= 150 + 10 + 6
= 160 + 6
166!
by Rich a rd P icci r i l l i
This work is dedicated to my wife, Fraye,
who makes living an exciting adventure.
Acknowledgments
I easily recognize the value of being surrounded by
supportive people. To my family, who makes it all
worthwhile, I love you. To my parents, Domenico and
Frances, who have left an indelible mark on me, thank
you for teaching me the meaning of hard work. To my
many elementary students with whom I have worked
over the last 33 years, thank you for your inspiration, for
teaching me how to teach math, and for always bringing
out the best in me as a teacher. To Linda Decker, thank
you for typing the manuscript.
– RSJP
Cover design by
James Sarfati
Interior design by
Holly Grundon
Cover illustration by
Rick Stromoski
Interior illustrations by
Mike Moran
Copyright © 2000 by
Richard Piccirilli
Scholastic Inc. grants teachers permission to photocopy the activity sheets from this book for classroom use. No other part
of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. For
information regarding permission, write to Scholastic Inc., 555 Broadway, New York, NY 10012.
ISBN # 0-439-18605-6
All rights reserved.
Printed in the U.S.A.
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Contents
IN T ROD UCT ION
T HE BASIC M E N TAL - MAT H ST RAT EGIES
M E N TAL - MAT H ST RAT EGIES
Encourage students to feel comfortable using
mental-math strategies and become flexible thinkers.
V IS UALIZING NUM BER S & PAT T E RNS
Increase students’ number confidence by improving
their ability to remember and sequence numbers.
NUM BE R FACT S
Teach strategies for learning basic number facts that
are easy to remember and retain for years to come.
SK I LL BUIL DER S
Provide opportunities to learn and practice
different mental-math strategies.
MON E Y MAT H
Apply mental-math skills to solve money-math problems.
PROBL E M SOLV ING
Practice mental-math skills with a variety of problem-solving activities.
NUM BER T RICKS
Add interest, fun, and motivation for learning mental-math
skills with these “magic tricks.”
ANSW E R S
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Introduction
his book gives teachers practical and easy-to-
use ideas for teaching mental-math skills to students
in grades 2–4. The activities are designed to teach
and reinforce mental-math skills, as well as give stu-
dents opportunities to use their newly acquired skill.
You’ll find the activities easy to integrate into your
curriculum either as lessons in mental math or as a
supplement to other daily math activity. Most valu-
able perhaps are the many activities that relate men-
tal-math strategies to learning the basic number facts.
This book helps students become flexible thinkers with numbers and
encourages them to be inventive when encountering new number situations.
The activities expose students to new opportunities for using mental-math skills
in daily situations in and out of school.
With mental math, students develop a positive attitude toward numbers. They
visualize numbers, retain them in their heads, and develop a sense of the quantities
numbers represent. They also develop other skills important to overall math
achievement—place value, spatial ability, number facts, computation, problem
solving, estimation, number properties, and writing about math. As a result, mental
math boosts students’ confidence. In a very short time they can come to feel smart!
T
What is mental math?
Mental math is finding answers to number problems or situations using only
your head. It is a creative process, which requires you to invent unique mental
procedures to deal with numbers in very simple ways. Mental math does not
use pencil and paper, calculators, or other recording devices. Instead, it
employs strategies that help you to see relationships among numbers and compute
them mentally.
There are two facets to mental math: First, we use mental math to find
estimated answers. Then, we use mental math to find exact answers. This second
facet is often referred to as
mental computation,
which is the focus of this book.
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Why is it important to teach
young children mental math ?
It is important to teach young children mental math because it is a valuable,
useful skill and a powerful tool.
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has awakened
the need to teach mental math. The newly released NCTM Standards 2000
states:
Students should select appropriate methods and tools for
computing with whole numbers from among
mental computation,
estimation, calculators, and paper and pencil according to the
context and nature of the computation, and use the selected
method or tool.
What are some
noteworthy features
of this book?
The activities in this book are appropriate for grades 2–4, as well as for
students of varying abilities. Basic exercises help young students build a
foundation in math, while more difficult exercises challenge students who are
more skillful in math. Clear and simple directions as well as model examples help
students understand their tasks very quickly.
Activities cover topics in the primary math curriculum: number sense,
number facts, addition and subtraction, with attention to the early concepts
of multiplication and division.
You can easily make transparencies from any activity page. Pages
that feature this transparency logo at right can be used as a focal
point for whole- or small-group lessons using the overhead projector.
“Write About It” questions throughout the book ask students to
reflect, integrate, apply, and consolidate what they have learned in mental math.
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