The Horse, The Wheel and Language - David W. Anthony (2007).pdf

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THE
HORSE
THE
WHEEL
AND
LANGUAGE
HOW
BRONZE-AGE RIDERS
FROM THE
EURASIAN STEPPES
SHAPED THE
MODERN WORLD
DAVID W. ANTHONY
Princeton University Press
Princeton and oxford
Copyright © 2007 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place,
Woodstock,
Oxfordshire OX20 1SY
All Rights Reserved
ISBN-13: 978-0-691-05887-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007932082
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in Adobe Caslon
Printed on acid-free paper ∞
press.princeton.edu
Printed in the United States of America
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
PART ONE
Language and Archaeology
Chapter One
The Promise and Politics of the Mother Tongue
Ancestors
Linguists and Chauvinists
The Lure of the Mother Tongue
A New Solution for an Old Problem
Language Extinction and Thought
Chapter Two
How to Reconstruct a Dead Language
Language Change and Time
Phonology: How to Reconstruct a Dead Sound
The Lexicon: How to Reconstruct Dead Meanings
Syntax and Morphology: The Shape of a Dead Language
Conclusion: Raising a Language from the Dead
Chapter Three
Language and Time 1:
The Last Speakers of Proto-Indo-European
The Size of the Chronological Window:
How Long Do Languages Last?
The Terminal Date for Proto-Indo-European:
The Mother Becomes Her Daughters
The Oldest and Strangest Daughter (or Cousin?):
Anatolian
The Next Oldest Inscriptions: Greek and Old Indic
Counting the Relatives: How Many in 1500 BCE?
Chapter Four
Language and Time 2:
Wool, Wheels, and Proto-Indo-European
The Wool Vocabulary
The Wheel Vocabulary
When Was the Wheel Invented
The Significance of the Wheel
Wagons and the Anatolian Homeland Hypothesis
The Birth and Death of Proto-Indo-European
Chapter Five
Language and Place:
The Location of the Proto-Indo-European Homeland
Problems with the Concept of “the Homeland”
Finding the Homeland: Ecology and Environment
Finding the Homeland: The Economic and Social Setting
Finding the Homeland: Uralic and Caucasian Connections
The Location of the Proto-Indo-European Homeland
Chapter Six
The Archaeology of Language
Persistent Frontiers

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