CSharpNotesForProfessionals.pdf

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Notes for Professionals

of professional hints and tricks

700+ pages

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Contents

About

................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1: Getting started with C# Language

............................................................................................... 2

Section 1.1: Creating a new console application (Visual Studio)

............................................................................... 2

Section 1.2: Creating a new project in Visual Studio (console application) and Running it in Debug mode

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Section 1.3: Creating a new program using .NET Core

.............................................................................................. 7

Section 1.4: Creating a new program using Mono

..................................................................................................... 9

Section 1.5: Creating a new query using LinqPad

...................................................................................................... 9

Section 1.6: Creating a new project using Xamarin Studio

...................................................................................... 12

Chapter 2: Verbatim Strings

................................................................................................................................. 18

Section 2.1: Interpolated Verbatim Strings

............................................................................................................... 18

Section 2.2: Escaping Double Quotes

....................................................................................................................... 18

Section 2.3: Verbatim strings instruct the compiler to not use character escapes

.............................................. 18

Section 2.4: Multiline Strings

....................................................................................................................................... 19

Chapter 3: Operators

................................................................................................................................................ 20

Section 3.1: Overloadable Operators

......................................................................................................................... 20

Section 3.2: Overloading equality operators

............................................................................................................ 21

Section 3.3: Relational Operators

.............................................................................................................................. 22

Section 3.4: Implicit Cast and Explicit Cast Operators

............................................................................................. 24

Section 3.5: Short-circuiting Operators

..................................................................................................................... 25

Section 3.6: ? : Ternary Operator

............................................................................................................................... 26

Section 3.7: ?. (Null Conditional Operator)

................................................................................................................ 27

Section 3.8: "Exclusive or" Operator

.......................................................................................................................... 27

Section 3.9: default Operator

..................................................................................................................................... 27

Section 3.10: Assignment operator '='

........................................................................................................................ 28

Section 3.11: sizeof

........................................................................................................................................................ 28

Section 3.12: ?? Null-Coalescing Operator

................................................................................................................ 29

Section 3.13: Bit-Shifting Operators

........................................................................................................................... 29

Section 3.14: => Lambda operator

............................................................................................................................. 29

Section 3.15: Class Member Operators: Null Conditional Member Access

............................................................ 30

Section 3.16: Class Member Operators: Null Conditional Indexing

......................................................................... 31

Section 3.17: Postﬁx and Preﬁx increment and decrement

..................................................................................... 31

Section 3.18: typeof

..................................................................................................................................................... 31

Section 3.19: Binary operators with assignment

...................................................................................................... 32

Section 3.20: nameof Operator

................................................................................................................................. 32

Section 3.21: Class Member Operators: Member Access

........................................................................................ 32

Section 3.22: Class Member Operators: Function Invocation

................................................................................. 33

Section 3.23: Class Member Operators: Aggregate Object Indexing

.................................................................... 33

Chapter 4: Extension Methods

............................................................................................................................. 34

Section 4.1: Extension methods - overview

............................................................................................................... 34

Section 4.2: Null checking

........................................................................................................................................... 36

Section 4.3: Explicitly using an extension method

.................................................................................................... 37

Section 4.4: Generic Extension Methods

................................................................................................................... 37

Section 4.5: Extension methods can only see public (or internal) members of the extended class

.................. 39

Section 4.6: Extension methods for chaining

............................................................................................................ 39

Section 4.7: Extension methods with Enumeration

.................................................................................................. 40

Section 4.8: Extension methods dispatch based on static type

............................................................................. 41

Section 4.9: Extension methods on Interfaces

......................................................................................................... 42

Section 4.10: Extension methods in combination with interfaces

........................................................................... 43

Section 4.11: Extension methods aren't supported by dynamic code

.................................................................... 43

Section 4.12: Extensions and interfaces together enable DRY code and mixin-like functionality

...................... 44

Section 4.13: IList<T> Extension Method Example: Comparing 2 Lists

................................................................... 45

Section 4.14: Extension methods as strongly typed wrappers

............................................................................... 46

Section 4.15: Using Extension methods to create beautiful mapper classes

........................................................ 46

Section 4.16: Using Extension methods to build new collection types (e.g. DictList)

............................................ 47

Section 4.17: Extension methods for handling special cases

.................................................................................. 48

Section 4.18: Using Extension methods with Static methods and Callbacks

......................................................... 49

Chapter 5: Collection Initializers

......................................................................................................................... 51

Section 5.1: Collection initializers

................................................................................................................................ 51

Section 5.2: C# 6 Index Initializers

.............................................................................................................................. 51

Section 5.3: Collection initializers in custom classes

................................................................................................ 52

Section 5.4: Using collection initializer inside object initializer

................................................................................ 53

Section 5.5: Collection Initializers with Parameter Arrays

....................................................................................... 54

Chapter 6: String Interpolation

........................................................................................................................... 55

Section 6.1: Format dates in strings

........................................................................................................................... 55

Section 6.2: Padding the output

................................................................................................................................. 55

Section 6.3: Expressions

.............................................................................................................................................. 56

Section 6.4: Formatting numbers in strings

.............................................................................................................. 56

Section 6.5: Simple Usage

.......................................................................................................................................... 57

Chapter 7: An overview of C# collections

...................................................................................................... 58

Section 7.1: HashSet<T>

.............................................................................................................................................. 58

Section 7.2: Dictionary<TKey, TValue>

..................................................................................................................... 58

Section 7.3: SortedSet<T>

........................................................................................................................................... 59

Section 7.4: T[ ] (Array of T)

...................................................................................................................................... 59

Section 7.5: List<T>

...................................................................................................................................................... 60

Section 7.6: Stack<T>

.................................................................................................................................................. 60

Section 7.7: LinkedList<T>

........................................................................................................................................... 60

Section 7.8: Queue

....................................................................................................................................................... 61

Chapter 8: Constructors and Finalizers

........................................................................................................... 62

Section 8.1: Static constructor

.................................................................................................................................... 62

Section 8.2: Singleton constructor pattern

............................................................................................................... 63

Section 8.3: Default Constructor

................................................................................................................................ 63

Section 8.4: Forcing a static constructor to be called

............................................................................................. 64

Section 8.5: Calling a constructor from another constructor

................................................................................. 65

Section 8.6: Calling the base class constructor

........................................................................................................ 65

Section 8.7: Finalizers on derived classes

................................................................................................................. 66

Section 8.8: Exceptions in static constructors

.......................................................................................................... 66

Section 8.9: Constructor and Property Initialization

................................................................................................ 67

Section 8.10: Generic Static Constructors

................................................................................................................. 69

Section 8.11: Calling virtual methods in constructor

................................................................................................. 69

Chapter 9: Static Classes

........................................................................................................................................ 71

Section 9.1: Static Classes

........................................................................................................................................... 71

Section 9.2: Static class lifetime

................................................................................................................................. 71

Section 9.3: Static keyword

........................................................................................................................................ 72

Chapter 10: Keywords

............................................................................................................................................... 73

Section 10.1: as

............................................................................................................................................................. 73

Section 10.2: goto

........................................................................................................................................................ 74

Section 10.3: volatile

.................................................................................................................................................... 75

Section 10.4: checked, unchecked

.............................................................................................................................. 76

Section 10.5: virtual, override, new

............................................................................................................................. 77

Section 10.6: stackalloc

............................................................................................................................................... 80

Section 10.7: break

....................................................................................................................................................... 81

Section 10.8: const

....................................................................................................................................................... 83

Section 10.9: async, await

........................................................................................................................................... 84

Section 10.10: for

.......................................................................................................................................................... 85

Section 10.11: abstract

.................................................................................................................................................. 86

Section 10.12: ﬁxed

....................................................................................................................................................... 87

Section 10.13: default

................................................................................................................................................... 88

Section 10.14: sealed

.................................................................................................................................................... 89

Section 10.15: is

............................................................................................................................................................. 89

Section 10.16: this

......................................................................................................................................................... 90

Section 10.17: readonly

................................................................................................................................................ 91

Section 10.18: typeof

.................................................................................................................................................... 92

Section 10.19: foreach

.................................................................................................................................................. 92

Section 10.20: dynamic

............................................................................................................................................... 93

Section 10.21: try, catch, ﬁnally, throw

....................................................................................................................... 94

Section 10.22: void

....................................................................................................................................................... 95

Section 10.23: namespace

.......................................................................................................................................... 95

Section 10.24: ref, out

.................................................................................................................................................. 96

Section 10.25: base

...................................................................................................................................................... 97

Section 10.26: ﬂoat, double, decimal

......................................................................................................................... 99

Section 10.27: operator

............................................................................................................................................. 100

Section 10.28: char

.................................................................................................................................................... 101

Section 10.29: params

............................................................................................................................................... 101

Section 10.30: while

.................................................................................................................................................... 102

Section 10.31: null

....................................................................................................................................................... 104

Section 10.32: continue

.............................................................................................................................................. 105

Section 10.33: string

................................................................................................................................................... 105

Section 10.34: return

.................................................................................................................................................. 106

Section 10.35: unsafe

................................................................................................................................................. 106

Section 10.36: switch

.................................................................................................................................................. 108

Section 10.37: var

....................................................................................................................................................... 109

Section 10.38: when

................................................................................................................................................... 110

Section 10.39: lock

..................................................................................................................................................... 111

Section 10.40: uint

...................................................................................................................................................... 112

Section 10.41: if, if...else, if... else if

............................................................................................................................. 112

Section 10.42: static

................................................................................................................................................... 113

Section 10.43: internal

............................................................................................................................................... 115

Section 10.44: using

................................................................................................................................................... 116

Section 10.45: where

.................................................................................................................................................. 116

Section 10.46: int

........................................................................................................................................................ 118

Section 10.47: ulong

................................................................................................................................................... 119

Section 10.48: true, false

........................................................................................................................................... 119

Section 10.49: struct

.................................................................................................................................................. 119

Section 10.50: extern

................................................................................................................................................. 120

Section 10.51: bool

...................................................................................................................................................... 121

Section 10.52: interface

............................................................................................................................................. 121

Section 10.53: delegate

............................................................................................................................................. 122

Section 10.54: unchecked

......................................................................................................................................... 122

Section 10.55: ushort

................................................................................................................................................. 123

Section 10.56: sizeof

.................................................................................................................................................. 123

Section 10.57: in

......................................................................................................................................................... 123

Section 10.58: implicit

................................................................................................................................................ 124

Section 10.59: do

........................................................................................................................................................ 124

Section 10.60: long

..................................................................................................................................................... 125

Section 10.61: enum

................................................................................................................................................... 125

Section 10.62: partial

................................................................................................................................................. 126

Section 10.63: event

................................................................................................................................................... 127

Section 10.64: sbyte

................................................................................................................................................... 128

Chapter 11: Object Oriented Programming In C#

..................................................................................... 129

Section 11.1: Classes:

.................................................................................................................................................. 129

Chapter 12: Inheritance

.......................................................................................................................................... 130

Section 12.1: Inheritance. Constructors' calls sequence

......................................................................................... 130

Section 12.2: Inheriting from a base class

.............................................................................................................. 132

Section 12.3: Inheriting from a class and implementing an interface

.................................................................. 133

Section 12.4: Inheriting from a class and implementing multiple interfaces

...................................................... 133

Section 12.5: Constructors In A Subclass

................................................................................................................. 134

Section 12.6: Inheritance Anti-patterns

................................................................................................................... 134

Section 12.7: Extending an abstract base class

...................................................................................................... 135

Section 12.8: Testing and navigating inheritance

.................................................................................................. 136

Section 12.9: Inheriting methods

.............................................................................................................................. 136

Section 12.10: Base class with recursive type speciﬁcation

................................................................................... 137

Chapter 13: Generics

................................................................................................................................................ 140

Section 13.1: Implicit type inference (methods)

...................................................................................................... 140

Section 13.2: Type inference (classes)

.................................................................................................................... 141

Section 13.3: Using generic method with an interface as a constraint type

....................................................... 141

Section 13.4: Type constraints (new-keyword)

...................................................................................................... 142

Section 13.5: Type constraints (classes and interfaces)

........................................................................................ 143

Section 13.6: Checking equality of generic values

................................................................................................. 144

Section 13.7: Reﬂecting on type parameters

.......................................................................................................... 145

Section 13.8: Covariance

........................................................................................................................................... 145

Section 13.9: Contravariance

.................................................................................................................................... 146

Section 13.10: Invariance

........................................................................................................................................... 147

Section 13.11: Variant interfaces

............................................................................................................................... 147

Section 13.12: Variant delegates

............................................................................................................................... 148

Section 13.13: Variant types as parameters and return values

............................................................................ 149

Section 13.14: Type Parameters (Interfaces)

.......................................................................................................... 149

Section 13.15: Type constraints (class and struct)

................................................................................................. 150

Section 13.16: Explicit type parameters

................................................................................................................... 150

Section 13.17: Type Parameters (Classes)

............................................................................................................... 150

Section 13.18: Type Parameters (Methods)

............................................................................................................. 151

Section 13.19: Generic type casting

.......................................................................................................................... 151

Section 13.20: Conﬁguration reader with generic type casting

............................................................................ 152

Chapter 14: Using Statement

............................................................................................................................. 154

Section 14.1: Using Statement Basics

....................................................................................................................... 154

Section 14.2: Gotcha: returning the resource which you are disposing

............................................................... 155

Section 14.3: Multiple using statements with one block

......................................................................................... 156

Section 14.4: Gotcha: Exception in Dispose method masking other errors in Using blocks

.............................. 157

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