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October 2016 Issue 73 £4.50
www.military-history.org
MEDIEVAL CASTLES
Eleventh-century fortiications
1066
+
Athenian Navy, 429 BC
uld th Anglo-Saxons hav
the Battle of Hastings?
RED NAPOLEON
The career of the Red Army’s
Marshal Tukhachevsky
THE CHEMISTS’ WAR
Chemical weapons of
the First World War
MHM
MILITARY
October 2016 Issue 73 £4.50
www.military-history.org
MEDIEVAL CASTLES
Eleventh-century fortiications
1066
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD:
Martin Brown
Archaeological Advisor, Defence
Estates, Ministry of Defence
Mark Corby
Military historian, lecturer, and
broadcaster
Paul Cornish
Curator, Imperial War Museum
Gary Gibbs
Assistant Curator, The Guards Museum
Angus Hay
Former Army Oicer, military
historian, and lecturer
Nick Hewitt
Historian, National Museum of the
Royal Navy, Portsmouth
Nigel Jones
Historian, biographer, and journalist
Alastair Massie
Head of Archives, Photos, Film, and
Sound, National Army Museum
Gabriel Moshenska
Research Fellow, Institute
of Archaeology, UCL
Colin Pomeroy
Squadron Leader, Royal Air Force
(Ret.), and historian
Michael Prestwich
Emeritus Professor of History,
University of Durham
Nick Saunders
Senior Lecturer, University of Bristol
Guy Taylor
Military archivist, and archaeologist
Julian Thompson
Major-General, Visiting Professor at
London University
he Battle of Hastings – fought 950 years ago this
month – was one of the most decisive in British
history. It installed a long succession of foreign
rulers on the English throne. It dispossessed the entire
Anglo-Saxon aristocracy of their estates. It created a bitter
division between a French-speaking feudal elite and the
English-speaking common people that lasted for centuries:
in the 17th-century revolution, radicals still spoke of ‘the
Norman yoke’.
In our special feature this issue, Hazel Blair analyses
the opposing forces and the course of the battle, and
Jack Watkins discusses the vital contribution of William I’s
programme of castle-building to the Norman consolida-
tion of power. A critical issue arises. Was the battle a
triumph of feudal heavy cavalry and the inauguration
of a new era in British military history? Or was the
defeat of the Anglo-Saxon ‘shield-wall’ really just down
to bad luck?
But there is much more this issue. Marc DeSantis
takes us back to 5th-century BC Greece with an analysis
of two battles that confirmed the maritime supremacy
of the trireme fleet of the city-state of Athens.
Also this time, Michael Freemantle explains why the
First World War came to be called ‘the chemists’ war’,
while Bill Wenger reports on the military career of
‘the Red Napoleon’ – the interwar Soviet marshal
Mikhail Tukhachevsky.
Finally, Patrick Mercer continues our Regiment series
by recalling the exploits of the Louisberg Grenadiers at
Quebec in 1759.
T
+
Athenian Navy, 429 BC
A h ia N vy, 9
uld th Anglo-Saxons hav
the Battle of Hastings?
RED NAPOLEON
R
A
The career of the Red Army’s
r
Marshal Tukhachevsky
as
ha h
THE CHEMISTS’ WAR
T
A
Chemical weapons of
the First World War
t e F r W l ar
ON THE COVER:
The Normans won a
decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings
on 14 October 1066.
Credit:
The Battle of Hastings
(oil on
canvas), Lovell, Tom (1909-97) / National
Geographic Creative / Bridgeman Images
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Dominic Tweddle
Director-General, National Museum
of the Royal Navy
Greg Bayne
American Civil War Table of the UK
ADD US NOW
and have your say
CONTRIBUTORS
THIS MONTH’S EXPERTS
MICHAEL
FREEMANTLE
is a science
writer. He is
author of
The
Chemists’ War,
1914-1918
and
Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! How chem-
istry changed the First World War.
PATRICK MERCER
is a former soldier,
journalist, and MP.
He is interested
in any action of
the British Army
or Royal Navy,
but has made a special study of the
Italian Campaign.
BILL WENGER
JACK WATKINS
served for 42 years
is a writer on
in the US Army
military history,
heritage, and
before retirement.
He volunteered for
conservation. He is
multiple tours in
the general editor
Iraq and Afghani-
of the
Encyclopedia
of Classic Warfare (1457 BC-AD 1815),
stan. In civilian life he is a real-estate
executive and college instructor.
published by Amber.
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MILITARY
HISTORY
MONTHLY
3
er 2016 |
ISSUE 73
ON THE COVER
The Norman
Conquest
Hazel Blair proi
les the men
who fought at Hastings in
1066 and analyses the battle,
while Jack Watkins explores
the castles built by William
the Conqueror in the years
following his invasion.
INCLUDES:
Background
Warriors
Battles
Castles
Timeline
26
UPFRONT
Welcome
Letters
Notes from the Frontline
Behind the Image
Maria Earle examines the artistry of
masking First World War injuries.
FEATURES
3
7
8
10
12
14
18
Chemists at War
Chemical weapons, 1914-1918
The First World War made ever-increasing
demands on chemistry. Michael Freemantle
explores ‘the chemists’ war’.
War Composers
Tim Rayborn on the wartime experiences
of poet-musician Ivor Gurney.
42
The Athenian Navy
The Battles of Chalcis
and Naupactus, 429 BC
Marc DeSantis studies two battles fou
by the Athenian navy in its heyday.
War Culture
MHM
examines art from the Second
World War
48
Tukhachevsky
The Red Napoleon
Bill Wenger examines the little-known
career of the Red Army’s Marshal
Tukhachevsky.
54
REGIMENT
The Louisberg Grenadiers
Patrick Mercer recalls the role of the
Louisberg Grenadiers in General Wolfe’s
decisive victory at Quebec in 1759.
4
MILITARY
HISTORY
MONTHLY
October 2016
MHM
CONTENTS
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THE DEBRIEF
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Nick Hewitt reviews
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Military History Monthly
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All you need to know
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War on Film
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Full Metal Jacket.
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