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The Idea of Eurasia
Max Ostrovsky
Content
Introduction
Eurasianism
Russia-Eurasia
The
Romano-Germans
The
Mongolosphere
The Geopolitical Foundation
The Western Idea of Eurasia
Mahan
Mackinder
Haushofer
Spykman
Brzezinski
Neoeurasianism
The Fusion of Eurasianism with the Western Geopolitics
From
Russia-Eurasia
to Continent Eurasia
From the
Romano-Germans
to the
Anglo-Saxons
Dugin
The
Strategic Partnership
The Trans-Atlantic Split
Discussion
The Origins of the Idea:
World's Final Image
The Persistence and Viability of the Idea
The
Power Belt
The Principle of Geopolitical Division
Implications for Eurasia
Conclusion
Bibliography
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List of Maps
1. Haushofer's pan-regions
2. The first stage of US expansion
3. The second stage of US expansion
4. Pan-regions of Neoeurasianism
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Introduction
Several visions of Eurasia have recently evolved in Russia and the West. This work
distinguishes three principal visions:
Eurasianism
(Evrazijstvo) developed by
Russian emigrants during the 1920s and 1930s; the Western geopolitical school,
which emerged in the late nineteenth century; and
Neoeurasianism,
which was
revived in Russia after the fall of the Communist ideology.
The three movements differ considerably from each other. Each has many
features of its own. Nevertheless, all of them have one common feature: an explicit
geopolitical context. Out of certain geopolitical considerations, all of them attributed
the pivotal-world historical role to Eurasia or to some of its regions.
This attribution might be regarded as natural for the two waves of Russian
Eurasianism thanks to simple patriotic feelings. However, such feelings cannot
explain why Western thinkers took a similar view. It was noted that, for example, by
Sir Halford Mackinder that the Eurasians “could find a complete complex of
motives, repeating the ideology of the established Eurasianism” (Panarin 2003, 27).
Curiously, Western thinkers began to focus on Eurasia several decades (in the late
nineteenth century) before Russian Eurasianism emerged and, contrary to their
Russian counterparts, never interrupted their endeavor.
That is not the only puzzle. The original Eurasianism and the related Western
views appeared independently; the Russian emigrant thinkers and their Western
counterparts either were not aware of, or completely ignored, each other’s works.
The Russian Eurasians of the 1920s-1930s were generally hostile to what they called
the
Romano-German
West and never adapted any ideas from their Western
counterparts. Nowhere in their works can any reference to them be found.
The Russian post-Communist scholars and policymakers combined the
theories of both the Russian and the Western traditions. However, this instance of the
rise of the idea of Eurasia is no less, perhaps more, perplexing since it occurred in an
environment traditionally deeply hostile to this kind of idea. Soviet society did not
tolerate geopolitics. Nevertheless, twice in the course of the twentieth century the
idea evolved among Russian thinkers, and a related school developed continuously in
the West since the late nineteenth century. Both in the West and in Russia the school
continues to exist. Indeed, in Russia today it is flourishing.
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The main question of this research is
what explains the two independent
origins – the Western and the Russian – of the related geopolitical philosophies of
Eurasia and whence derives their persistence and vitality?
The thesis of the research
is that this was due to the particular spatial development of the modern political
system as the twentieth century approached.
I profoundly appreciate the sponsorship of Marjorie Mayrock Center for
Russian, Eurasian and East European Research. I also thank my supervisor, Prof.
Arie Kacowicz, for his valuable advice in pursuing this research.
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