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Volume4
Issue
4l
CONTENTS
Cruisers
of World War
'L,a
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802
802
803
803
804
804
805
806
807
Galissonnidre'
class
light
cruiser
'Zara' class heavy
cruiser
Consultant
Editor:
Major
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Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE
MC, Comman-
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of
British
Land
Forces
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the
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'Condottieri'
class
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'Capitani
Romani' class
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With
duties that
vaded
from
commerce
ptotection
to
convoy
niding,
and
from
offensive
operations
to
fiIeet
tecotutaissance,
the
World
W ar
II
ctttiser inlrcrited the
mantle of
the
frigate
of Nelson's
day.
Fast,
well-armed
vessels ranged the
oceans
in
the seryice
of
all
the
major
combatants,
and,
proved,
extremely
e
ffective.
Guisers
oI
Wbrld\/Vclrll
The
winter
of
1
940-
I saw
the
German
crurser
Admiral
Hipper make
a
successfulforay
into
the
sealanes
so
vital
to
the
survival of
the
lIK.
Ships
sailing
singly stood
little
chance
of
escape
agains
t
the
powerful
raider,
and
all
too
often
their
fate was,
as
here,
to
be
sunk
by
gunfire.
Though
World War
il
could
not
be won for the
Alhes at
sea,
it
could
certainly
have been lost there. There
were
many marttime
arenas,
and
the cruiser proved its
value
in
each,
merce which the British
deployed
cruisers
to
protect,
Both
the German
and
Japanese
fleets employed
cruisers
effectively
rn small-sca-le,
sw-
prise
assaults,
often
to
the
extent
of
using them
as
transports. The
ltaltans
essayed the same tactics, but it
suffered
as
the
desperate
measure that
it
was.
To the British,
protection
of
their supply
routes was
all-important. The
Atlantic
convoys
were largely
the
concern
of
smaller
escorts,
fighting
an
a
quarter-century
earlier, the
Germans
used cruisers to har4r
com-
British
trade
was
as
vulnerable
as
ever
to
attack and,
as
they
had
done
cruisers
were occasionally operated by
the British
in
offensive
squad-
rons
playing vital
roles
in,
for
instance, the sinking
of
lhe
Admiral
Gri
Spee,
Bismarck
and
Sciamiors/.
For large-scale
,fleet'
use,
however
one needs
to
look
at
the Pacific War where
the
Americans took
on,
a:ri
eventuaily
prevailed
over,
an
enemy
on his
chosen
ground,
The
Japanese had
probably
the best
cruisers
of
the era,
superbly trained ane
handled,
and used
very
imaginatively.
The
Amerlcans
profited
by
the=
early reverses
to
improve
both ship design and tacticsl besides
havins
excellent mat6riel, they developed
the
will
to
win,
the most importa::l
weapon
of
ail,
February
1943,
and
inAlgiers harbour
burning,Liberty,class
ships
provide
a
backdrop
to
the'Brooklyn'
class
crurser
USSSavawtah (CL
42).
In
the
Mediterranean,
air cruisers were
much
employed
on
ionvoy
escort duties to
comhat
air
attacks, their
heavier anti-aircraft weaponry being
more
eifitiie
than that of smaller
escorting
vessels against
the
many
auacliinj
Aiii
iiii"n.
Arctic
routes
were
domrnated
by
enemy
air
power,
requiring
close
escort
by
cruisers
with
adequate modern
AA
armament and direction,
anti-submarine
war, but the Mediterranean and
to a lesser extent the
lI
:tXb"rirsonnidre'classlisrhtcruiser
a
Contemporary
with the
penultimate
pair
of
lta[an
'Condottieri', the French
'La
Galissonnidre' class desiem
had
a
d:stinct edge,
By
adopting
triple
152-
mm (6-in) turret, the desigpers
man-
aged an
excellent
balance
on
the
low
standard displacement
of
7,600
tons,
Three mountings
conferred
a
one-gnln
advantage over
their
rivals
while
eco-
nomizing on
overall weight,
lengrth
of
hull
and area
to
be
protected,
Thus
vertical protection
of up
to
(4,62
in)
120
mm
could be worked
in,
together
witha
50-mm (1,97-in)
protective deck,
Where the
ltalians
could
dispose of
120,000shp (B94B5kW)
the
French
had only
B4,O00shp
(62640kW),
Yet
their
effective
speeds
in
a
seaway
were
little
different
at
33
to
34
kts. In-
terestingly, the French hulls
incorpo-
rated
wide
transom stems; these are
today
virtually universal
in
warship de-
passed to
Allied
control only when the
sign,
reducing
resistance through the
suppression of
the stem
wave,
Sx
ships of the
type were built,
but
they fared badly with
the
changing for-
Axis finally occupied Vichy
France,
tunes
of the
French state, Following
the
1940
caprtulation,
the loyalties of
French
Senegal
were
not
known
to
the
Britlsh, who mounted an
operation
against Dakar:
the
GJorie, together
Leygues, sailed
from
Toulon to
assist,
with
the Montcalm and
Georges
the
three
cruisers
coming over
to the
Allied
cause,
With
the occupation, the
remaining French fleet, still inactive
at
Toulon,
was scuttled, tncluding
the
three remaining
stups of
the
class. Of
these,
tvvo
were
salvaged
by
the
ita-
lians
only
to
be
sunk
finally
by Allied
bombing
in
1943,
The Glotre was
pre-
sent
at
Anzio, and the
Montcalm
at
Nor-
mandy.
Galssonniere
(1933),
Jean de
Vienne
(1935)
Marsetl/arse
(1935),
Giore
(1935),
Montcalm
(1935)
and
Georges
.LeyErues
(
1936)
Suffering
from
machinery probiems
the
Glorie
went into
Casablanca but
the
other
two
reached
Dakar,
This
port,
though
effbctively
neutralized,
ITALY
Specification
'La
Galissormidre'
class
Ships in class (launched):
la
Displacement:
7,600
tons
standard and
9,
120
tons
tu]l1oad
Dimensions: length
179.0
m
(586
ft
3
in);
beam
17.5
m
(57 ft 4
in);
draught
5,3
m
(17 ft
5
in)
Propulsion:
Rateau-Bretagne
or
Parsons
geared turbines deliverrngt
84,000
shp
(63640
kW)
to
two shafts
Speed:35,7
kts
Armour: beit
75-120
mm (3-4,7 in);
deck
50
mm
(2
in);
turrets
75- 130
mm
(3-5.1
in)
An
ex
ample of
the mos t
successful
of
pre-war
French
cruiser
desigms,
the
bizarrely camouflaged
Gloire
is
shown
after her I
943
retit in
the
USA,
withmuch
increased
AA armament
and
equipped
with
radar.
Two of
her
sisfer
sfi
ips
recelved
similar
trea&nent.
Armament: nine
152-mm
(6-in),
eight
90-mm
(3,
S-rn) DP
and
eight
13.2-mm
(0.
52-ir) AA
en:rls,
plus four 550-mm
(2
I
7-rn)
torpedo hrbes
Aircraft
:
two
fl
oatplanes
Complement:540
.
'Zata'
class
heavy
cruiser
Latent Franco-Italian naval rtvalry
Treaty,
the two
French
'Duquesne'
class cruisers
being
immediately
trumped
by
the
Italian 'Trento'
class
with
superior protection, The
latter
were
not even completed before
the
French
embarked
on
the four'Suffren'
class
cruisers, whose
suwivability
was
improved
a little
at the
cost
of
some
speed,
As it
then took Italy three years
to reply,
predictably,
with
the
four
'Zara' class
cruisers,
it
would
seem that
the French design
was
acquired
and
broke
out
anew after the
Washington
1941,
a
complex set
of
ltalian
fleet
movements
was undertaken wrth
the
object
of
interceptirg
a
British convoy
near Crete, The British, aware
of
what
was afoot,
cleared the
area
and
set
a
Fiume
(1930),
Gorizia
(re3l)
(
1930)
andPoja
trap
for
the
ltalians but the latter,
as
nervous
and
fleet
as any
antelope,
thoroughly digested
beforehand, In
any
case,
the ltalian units
were excel-
lent
ships,
with reduced power
on
only
huo shafts
but
with
a
higtJ:r
level
of
pro-
tection,
whose
weight
took the
ships
beyond treaty
limits.
Three of the
class
formed
the
lst
Cn-riser
Division
at
the
Battle of
Calab-
ria, only
a
month after the outbreak
of
the
Mediterranean war, The
action
proved
an
anti-climax, the Italian
lleet
disengagnng
immediately
the flagship
had
been
hit,
The next significant action was
also
their
last
when, near the end
of
March
smelled
dangter
and made for
home.
Anxior.rs
to
brrng the
Italian battleship
to account, the British used
camer
arr
strikes
to
slow rt
su-fficientiy
to
allow
their heaw
ships
to
close. Only
the
lst
Drvision's Poia was thus
stopped,
however,
her
two
running
males
Zara
and Fiume wrth tvro destroyers
then
staying
to
assist.
Admiral Cumirg-
ham's
battleships
fell
on them
and
despatched them
with
close-range
3BI-mm
(15-in) salvoes
at
what
be-
come known
as
the night
Battle of
Matapan,
With
the
Amencan
'Astona'
and British
'Cressy' classes
the
'Zara'
class thus
has
the
melancholy record
of
losing three
of
its
type
in one
engagre-
ment.
Displacement:
I
I,500-I
I,900 tons
standard and
14,
200-
14,
600
tons
fuI]
load
Dimensions: length
182,7
m
(599
ft
5
in);
beam
20,6
m
(67 ft
7
in);
draught
5,9
m
(19 ft 4
in)
Propulsion:
Parsons
geared
turbines
delivering
108,000
shp
(80535
kW)
to
two shafts
Speed:
32
kts
Armour:
belt
100- 150
mm
(3.9-5.9
in);
deck
70
mm
(2,75
in);
turrets
120-
140
mm
(4,7-5,5
in);
barbettes
140-
150
mm
(5,5-5.9
in)
Armament: eight
203-mm (B-in),
16
100-mm
(3.9-in)
DP
and
eight
37-mm
AAgruns
Aircraft
:
two
fl
oatplanes
Complement:830
Specification
'Zara'class
Right:'Zara'
class
cruisers
on
patrol
in
the
Mediterranean.
Built
in
the
early
1930s
in
response
to the
newFrench
vessels ffien
en
tering
service, the
'Zara'
class
were
fine,
well-balanced
se t
:
Ships in class
(launched):Zara
(I930),
1,=
ships,
somewhat
larger
than
the
size
down
in
the
W
ashington
T
reaty.
In
contrast to
the
preceding'Trento'
class,
the'Zara'
class
sacrificed
high
speedin
tlre
rh
terests of
much
improved protection.
Zara
and
two
ol
lrer
tlree
sr'sfers
met their
end
at
the
hands
of
the
Biitish
Mediterranean
fleet off
C
ape
M atapan
in
M
arch
1941.
8\;{
,
i
.
ia:*,"F,
r.,iF
sal
1t;.:l
1..
l
ITALY
'Condottieri'
class
cruiser
war led to few of
them
being
really
tested rn action,
The
12
'Condottieri'
class ships formed
the
backbone
of
their light
cruiser strength,
a
quartet
Though
the
ltalians
built
many
fine
cruisers, Iack of
an
offensive
policy
in
Cruisers
of
World
War
II
and four
pairs
constitutrng
a
logical de-
velopment sequence
over
a
five-year
penod,
The Garibaldi and her
sister
were
the ultimate
pair
and
were very
close to
the
10,000{on limit.
As a
yardstick
for the
'Giussano'
class,
the
four-strong
first
group
of
'Condottieri',
laid
down
in
1928,
the
French
'Duguay-Trouins' class
was
completed less than
two
years pre-
vrously, Both
classes
carried
four twrn
turrets
and, though
the ltalian
ships
were
rather faster, nerther
type
was
more
than
minimally protected, An
rm-
medrate response
in
the French
'La
Galissonniere'
class was
paralleled by
incorporatrngr
a
measure
ol
protection,
same
period, With the
French
ships
the remaining
'Condottrerr'
over
the
the
ltalians
successively increased
power and
drmensions
to
maintain
speed whrle improving
suwivability
in
the'Bande
Nere','Diaz','Montecuccoli'
and'Aosta'classes.
The
last
pair
com-
prised the
'Garibaldi' class
whose
were
increased significantly to allow
two extra
guns
(in
triple
A and
Y
tur-
rets) and a further upgrading
of pro-
tection,
A
fundamental shrft
in
policy
was the acceptance of a
lower
speed
but
thls was
acceptable
as
still repre-
senting a
margdn
over the
equivalent
French
ships,
The
Garibaldi's
war
was
involved
mainly
rn
the
distant
cover for
the
va-
rious
convoys
to North Afrlca, In
July
1941
she
was torpedoed and
heavily
damaged
by
the
submarine
HMS
Up-
holder,
The
fina['C ondoffieri'
c/ass
yessels
were
increased in
size
and
accepted
beam, draught and
displacement
Both sisters
surived to
be
incorpo-
rated
into the post-war fleet, the Garl-
baldl
lastinguntil the
1970s
conveded
to a prototype
gnrided-missile crutser
with
Terner
surface-to-air missiles
Group
4
Emanuele Filiberto Duca
di4osta (l932) andEugenio
di Savoia
(
1933);
and
Group
5
Luigi
di
Savoia
Duca
degli
Abruzzj
(
1933)
and
Gius eppe
G
aribaldj
(
I
933)
Displacement:
Specification
'Condottieri'
class
(Group
5)
Ships in class
(launched): Group I
Alberto
di
Giussano
(
1930),
Giovanni
de ll
e
B
and
e
N ere
(1930),
Hberic
o
da
Barbr'ano
(
1
930)
and
B
artol
omeo
Co/Ieoni
(
1
930) ,
Group
2
Armando
Draz
(
1930)
and
Luigi Cadorna
(193A),
Group
3
Rarmon do
M
o
nte cuccol
i
( I
93
I
)
and
Muzro,{ttendoio
(
1933)
9, 195
tons
standard and
I 1,260
tons
fu]l]oad
Dimensions:length
187.0
m
(612
ft
5
in);
beam
18,9
m(61
ft
11
in);
draught
5,2
m(17 ft)
Machinery:
Parsons
geared turbines
delivering
102,000
shp
(76060
kW)
to
two shafts
Speed:
33,5
kts
Backbone of
the
ltalian light
cruiser
torce,
the
five
groups
of
'Condottieri'
class
cruiserswere
built
over
a
five-
year
period
in
the
1920s
andearly
J
930s.
Guiseppe Garibaldi
was one
of
the
last
two tobe
built,
suwiving
wartime
damage to
serve
the
ltalian
navyintothe
1970s.
Armour:belts
130
mm
(5,
1
in);
deck
40
mm
(1,6
in);
turrets
135
mm
(5.3
in)
10
l52-mm
(6-in),
eight
9-in)
AA, eisht
37-mm
A/-
and
lO
20-mm
AA
gmns,
plus
sx
533-
mm (21-in)
torpedo tubes
Aircraft:
two
fl
oatplanes
Armament:
100-mm
(3,
Complement:900
areduced performance
in the
interests of
protection.Tfte
Luigri
di
Savoia Duca
degli Abruzzi,
seen
ftere
in
1942
pattern-dazzle
camouflage,
also
suwived
thewar, and served
until
1961.
ITALY
'Capitani
Romani'
class
ligrht
cnriser
The
British concept ofthe
small
cruiser
as
used
in World War
I was
followed
by
the Japanese in
the
1920s
but,
there-
after, development lapsed
for
a
de-
'Mogador' class, These
iooked
like,
and
were, super destroyers
but
which,
cruisers,
thef
extra beam
allowing
space
for
machinery developing
an
astonishing maximum
of
125,000
shp
(93210
cade
until
the
French embarked
on
the
on
a
deep
displacement
of
barely
4,000
tons,
could
outgmn
a
'Dido'
class
92,000 shp
(68605
KW) they could
also
make
40
kts. The
ltalians, stung
to
urgency,
produced the'Capitani
Romani'
class,
laying down
no
less
than
12
keels
rn
the
space of six months, As
a
result of lta-
ly's
varying
fortunes of
war,
however,
only
four
were
completed.
Less
than
5
m
(16
ft
5
in) longer than
the 'Mogador'
class ships,
the 'Capitani
Romant' class vessels
looked like small
cruiser.
Wrth about
'Salem'
class heavy
cruiser of
four
times the displacement.
At
this
power
the ltalian
ships
were
good for
43
k1s
and,
while they were virtually
unpro-
tected,
they
also
shrpped a
very
re-
spectable
main
battery.
In
addition,
eight torpedo
tubes
were fltted
and
mines could
be carried,
though
prob-
ably in lieu
of
other
topweight,
Their
Roman names
were splendid-
Iy
euphoric,
belying
the
headache that
they could
have caused any
convoy
escort commander
not
blessed with
air
support,
As
it
was,
four were
de-
molished
on the ways,
five more
beingr
sunk
througrh
various agencies
whilst
kW),
equivalent
to
that
of
a
fitting out. Three
were
completed in
1942-3,
and one other
was eventually
salvaged and
fitted
out,
the four
beingr
Ihe
Attilio
Regolo, Pompeo
Maguo,
Africano.
Giulio
Germanjco and Scipione
One
pair
served post-war with each
(
1940),
P
ompeo
M
agno
(194-,',
Giulio Germanico
(194
l)
andScrpio:r:
Africano
(1941)
Displacement:
3,750 tons
standard
ai-:
5,400 tons
tul1load
Rego/o
Dimensions:lenglhf42.2
m
(466
ft
ofthe
French and ltalian fleets,
Ofthe
Italians, the
San
Giorgio
(ex-Giulio
engined, until
very
recently,
None
of
the
four
mounted
its
original
arma-
ment, supply
considerations
dicating
4,lm(13ft5in)
two shafts
6
in);
beam
14,4
m(47
ft
3
in);
draug::
D
Germanico)
served,
albeit
re-
Propulsion: geared turbines
delivering
1
10,000
shp
(82025
k\
::
American
127-mm (S-in) V3Bs
in
the
Italian ships and ex-German
105-mm
(4,1-in) weapons
in the
French
units.
Specification
'Capitani
Romani' class
Ships in class
(launched):Atfilo
Speed:40+ kts
Armour:
notknown
Armament: erght I35-mm
(5.3-i.n)
eight
37-mm
AA
and
eight
20-mrn
A:-
gnrns,
plus
eight
533-mm (21-m)
torpedo tubes
Aircraft:none
Complement:425

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