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Volume3

Issue

CONTENTS

Nuclear

Attack

Sutimarines

'Valianf

ud'Churchill'

class

SSNs

'Swiftsue'class

SSN

'Trafalgu'class

SSN

The

Sinking

the

BelE

ano

522

523

Consultant

Editor:

Major

General

Sir

Jeremy Moore

KCB OBE MG,

Comman-

der

British

Land

Forces

during

the

Falklands campaign.

524

526

'Skipjack'clus

SSN

'Tluesher'

class

(later'Permit'

class)

SSN

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Picture

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NarTruS

Cover

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-S

l;:'.-

salr

l;ir

5*l

:r-

5Ar

la-

COyCOL 524: COL 526:

NavyruS

Na!T.

527:

5e&

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532: JS

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Na!T.

533:

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534;

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: ln

53*

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53!t:USNavyruS NaW.

540:

Navy.

(iii!

World

tlfu

NuclecrAffclck

Submqrines

this

moment, beneath the

sufiace of

the

ocean,

potentially

deadly

game

cat andmouse

isbeingplayed

between Soviet

and

NATO subnarinerc.

The prime tool

thefu

tnde

the modern

nuclear attack

and,

htnter-killer

submarine,

packed

with

weaponry

.tnd sensots

and

capable

operating

greater

speeds and

depths

than

ever before

The

development

of the

modern

nuclear

attack submanne

started

around

the same

time,

in the

late

1940s,

both the

United

States

and the

Soviet Union. Since then

the two

countries have

developed

therr own

characteristrc

designs,

withthe

United

States

concentratingon

the

ASW-

orrentated

boat

(SSN)

armed

with

torpedo tube-launched

weapons,

whrlst

the

Soviets

have also

developed

these

craft

and others

(SSGN)

specrfrcally designed

carry

large anti-ship cruise missiles, However,

since

the

development

the Sub-Harpoon and Tomahawk

underwater-

launched missile

systems

for antr-ship and land attack roles,

the

Amer-

ican

boats

are gradually

assuminq a

multi

mission capability,

The

Soviets

are

also

expected to

move

thrs

direction when their

SS-NX-Z1

torpedo

tube-launched nuclear cruise

missrle

enters service

iater in

the decade,

although

they

wr1l

still be

buildrng the

specrahst

cruise

missile-carrying

boats such

the

'Oscar' class,

the

underwater

equivalent

the 'Kirov'

class

battle-crursers, Currently

the Soviets have

five

nuclear-powered

attack submarine

classes

under construction:

the

'Charlie

III

SSGN 'Oscar'

SSGN,

'Alpha

SSN,

'Victor

III

SSN

and,

the

newest,

the

'A1pha

SSN In

comparison

the

Americans

Brltish and

French

have in

constructron

only

one

SSN

class

apiece,

The

Sovrets

add

between

four and six boats

these

five

types

their fleet per

year,

with

each

class usually undergotng

periodic

up^dates

to its

systems and

USSJacksonville is one

of the 'Los

Ange/es'

c/ass

ttack

bm ar

ines

that

are destined

sewewith

the

Navy

into

the

2lst

century

the

primary

underwater

ASW

platform.

They

carry

torpedoes,

Harpoon and

TomahawkSSMs

and

will

fitted for

the

ASWSOW

(ASW

Stand-Off Weapon)

system

replace

their

SUBROC

missiles.

armament

during

its

lifetrme,

The

French

and Brltrsh boais

for ASW work,

whilst recently

confirmed reports rndrca.e

.:.

=i--.=

ple's Republic

of China

has

six

nuclear

powered

a::al:,:

service,

The

first

was

built

1973-4,

and

IOO

(328

l:)

-::-=:

.'-,

_-.

Albacore

type

hult for

fast

underwater speeds,

Known

th:

_=:.

.....

this model

expected to prohferate over the next fev,--,-==:.

-=-

nations, tncludrng

Argentina and

Brazil,

are

known to

be _:-:::=-

acquiring nuclear

submarines.

The maln advantages

the

nuclear attack submanne

ar.

:__.-,.

remain submerged

for

vrrtually unllmited periods,

its

deep-i_',.:-:

.',

brlity,

the sophistrcated

long-range

sensor systems

that

carr-::

:,-.

hrgh

power

output

of its reactor

that

can be

translated

in::-.-=:--:

underwater

speeds,

All

these can

utrlized

to the

iu- _::.--.:_.

submarine

warfare. In the

ocean

environment

which

::es:

_:.'--

killer

submarines spend

most

their

lives,

there

is nothinQr

.:.:

.=-

world

that can match them

for guile

and

potential

destruc."-.-=-.=..

Navy's'Swiftsure'

class submarine

HMS Sovereigm on

f.he

su:-,:::

amidst

ice-floes

during her

I 97

visit to

the

orth pole.

the

ice

relatively

safe

place to operate a

ballistic

missile

boat,

and

anti-submarine patrols

are

spent in

Arctic

waters.

The

Royal

'l;F;.''

i::i:,:::

fj::-:

F:::=

l::tl':

f:::-::::

!Va[ant'

and'Churchill'

class

SSNs

ciil

that tested

the

Sub-Harpoon

for

the

Royal Navy,

During the

1982

Falk-

lands

war

the

Conqueror, Courageous

102)

Essentially

enlarged'Dreadnought'

plant

and systems, HMS

Vafiant

class

design

with

all-British reactor

was

ordered

in Augmst

1960 as

the

lead

and Valiant

were

deployed

the

GenerarJ

boat

the

'Valiant' class

and

com-

pleted

in July

1966,

year

later

than

Maritime Exclusion

Zone, the first

sink-

planned

because

the priority

ing

the

Argentinian

cruiser

accorded to the Bdtish

Polaris

prog-

ramme. Her sistership HMS

l,Tarspile

(S i03) was followed

three

others

built

modifled design

as'Churchill'

48)

and

HMS

Courageous

50),

and

class boats. These

three are

HMS

Churchil|

46), HMS

Conqueror

are believed to

slightly quieter in

service, having

beneflted

from the ex-

perience

gained in operating the ear-

lier

boats,

All

are

fitted with the

TYpe

2001

long-range actrve/passive

i,F

so-

Belgrano on

May

1982,

All

five

ves-

sels are due to remain in

service until

the mid- to

late-1990s,

and

are

in-

creasingly beinq employed

in the

anti-

surface ship

role

quieter

boats

enter

servlce,

Specification

'Valiant'

and'Churchill'

classes

Displacement:

4,400

tons

surfaced and

4,900

tons

dived

nar

mounted

in the

'chin'

position,

though the three

boats

will

be retrofit-

ted with the

TYpe

2020

set as

re-

Dimensions: length

86,9

(2BS

ft 0

in);

beam

i0,

(33 ft 3

in);

draught

8,2

(27 ft 0

in)

Machinery:

one

pressunzed-water

reactor powertnq

tvvo

steam

turbines

placement during future overhauls

is also

reported

that the five

boats

can

be fitted with

clip-on towed

array

since

identified

the

Type

2024

sonar

system, Other

sonars

identified

with

the craft are the Type

2007

long-range

passive

set

and

the

joint Anglo-Dutch-

driving

one shaft

Speed:

k1s

swfaced

and

kts

dived

Divingdepth:300

(985

ft)

operatlonal

and

500

(1,640

ft)

Torpedotubes:

533-mm

(2i-in) bow

Basicload:

amxof

MkB

andMk24

Tlgerfish

533-mm (21-in)

torpedoes

Stonefish and

Sea

Urchin

mines; this

being changed

533-

(2l-in) torpedoesandsx

Sub-

Harpoon

anti-shrp

missiles

maxlmr.rm

French Type

2019 Passive/Active

Range

and

Intercept

Sonar (PARIS),

TYpe

197

passive rangdng sonar for

de-

tecting

sonar

transmissions

also

car-

ried.

When the

boats

were built

the

main

armament comprtsed

the

pre-

World War

anti-ship torpedo,

the

1950s

technology

wire-quided Mk

ASW torpedo and

World

War II

5 ground and

moored

mines,

Since

then the

armament has

been

modernzed to include the

8, the

Tigerfish vrrre-gnrided dual-role

torpedo,

the

Sub-Harpoon

anti-shtp

missile and the new

Stonefish

and

Sea

Urchin ground mines,

It was

theChur-

Missiles:none

Electronics:

one

Type

1006

surface-

search radar,

one

Type

200

I sonar,

one

lYpe

2024

towed

sonar, one

TlPe

2007

sonar, one

Type

2019

sonar,

one

Type

197

sonar, one

drection-findtng

antenna, one

ESMsystem,

one

DCB

torpedo fire-control

system, and one

underwater telephone

Complement:

103

Essentially

enlarged

version of the

e a

nou

desbn,

^FIMS

Valiant

was

built

the same

time

the

Polaris

boats

with

an all-British

PWR

reactor

plant

and

associated

control

sysfems.

Below: Destined to remain

in service

until

the

mid

late

1990s, the

five

Taliant'

and 'Churchill'

class

vessels

are

undergoing modernization refits

as they

come

for

overhauls.

iwiftsure'class

SSN

'Swiftsure'

class have

proved

cellent

ASW

ttom

ewice.

The

sonar

fit is being

uwraded

and

Quieter than

their

predecessors, the

]97i

the first

the

UK's 'Swiftsure'

class second-generation

SSNs was

launched

Vickers Shipyard at

Bar-

row-rn-Furness. Called

HMS

Smffsure

126),

the

boat

introduced

a shorter

and

fuller

hull-form than that

the

'Valiant' class in

order

qive

gEeater

rnternal volume and

stronqer press-

ure hull. Hence it

can

operate

grea-

ter

depths and speeds

than

the

Pre-

vrous

class. The

fin

smaller

and the

retractable drving

planes

are

located

below the water line,

The

Swiftsure

was

followed

by five sister

ships, HMS

Sovereign

108)

HMS

^Superb

109),

HMS

Scepfre

104),

HMS

SPar-

tan

i05) and

HMS

Spiendid

106);

the class

currently

used both

the

ASW

screeninqr

role for

task

forces,

and in the independent

anti-ship and

ASW

roles

because

of the

quieter

machinery used, The

sonar

fit

the

will eventually include

the

Wpe

2046

towed array as successor

theType

2024.

match

the

detection ranges

the sonars all Royal

NavY

submarines

will

carry

the

Marconi

pearfish

heavfiveight

torpedo.

522

'Swiftsure' class

SSN

(continued)

same

in the 'Valiant' class, but all

will

have the

Tlpe

2020

fitted

the Type

2001

replacement during normal

refits.

The

armament

reduced

one

tube

Speed:

kts

surfaced

and

kts

Nuclear

Attack

Submarines

dived

Divins depth:

400 m

(

1,315

ft)

operationaland600

(1,970

ft)

maxlmuln

Torpedo

tubes: five 533-mm

l-rn)

and

seven

torpedoes, but

this

reduc-

tion

balanced by

the fact that it

takes

only

seconds

reload individual

tubes,

Emerqency power

provided

bow

Basic load:

Tigerfish

533-mm

(2i-in)

torpedoesplus five

Sub-Harpoon anti-ship

mlssiles, or

MkS

Stonefish

andMk

Sea

Urchrn

Sovereign demonstrated

the

the same

ll2-cell

electric

battery

and

associated

diesel generator

and

electric

motor

fitted in the

'Valiant'

and

'Churchill'

classes.

1976

the

Navy's

abilrty

to conduct

ttons

under the

lce

pack when

she

undertook

trip

to the North

Pole,

the

operational aspects

being

combined

with a

successful

scientific

voyage,

Royal

ASW

opera-

mmes

Missiles:none

Electronics:oneTlpe

i006surface-

radar,

one T\rpe

200

sonar,

one

Type

2024

towed

sonar, one

Type

2007

sonar, one T\rpe

2019

sonar,

one

Type

197

sonar, one

ESMsystem, one

DCB

torpedo

and mrssile

fire-control

system, and one

underwater

involved in the

Falklands war,

The Spartan and Splendrd

were

both

Specification

Swiftswe'class

Displacement:

4,200 tons

surfaced and

4,500 tons

telephone

Complement:97

dived

improveunderwater

Dimeruions: length

82.9

(272 ft 0

in);

beam LB

(32 ft 3

in);

draught

8.2

(27 ft 0

in)

Machinery:

one

pressurzed-water

reactor powedng

two steam

turbines

driving

one shaft

pertormance,

HMS

Swift

sure

was

intoduced

into service with

shorter

and

fuller

hull

form.This

gives

greater internalvolume

and

sfrongrerpressure huII

than

earlier

boats.

ffi

sigm,

iirafalgrar'

classssN

thermal rmagery periscope

now

car-

ried

part

the search and

attack

penscope

fit,

and T\rpe

197

sonar is no

longer

carried.

The fin,

those

the earller

British

SSN classes,

also

houses

SHF

antenna, several

comrnunications antennae, a snort in-

duction mast,

radar

masts

and

ESM

Essentially

improved

'Swr-ftsure'

de-

the'Trafalgar'

class

constihrtes

the

third

generation of British

SSNs

be buiit

Vickers Shipyard

Barrow-

in-Fumess.

The

lead

boat, HMS

TraIal-

EIar

(S I07), was

laurched

IgBl

and

commissioned

into the

Royal Navy

March

1983,

serving

v'nth

the

'Swift-

sure'

class boats

the Devonport nav-

base.

class

total

of at least six is

expected

with five

(HMS

Turbulent,

the

'Swiftsure' class boats, although

Machinery:

one

pressurized-water

reactorpowering

two steam

turbines

driving

one

sha-ft

with

pump-jet

propulsion

Speed:

kts

surfaced

and

kts

dived

less and

HMS Torbay) already

HMS

Ta1enl,

HMS Taclrcr'an, HMS

Tre-

masts.

Underwater

communications

are believed to

conducted

via

towed

buoy and/or

floating

antenna,

The

primary

mission of

the

'Trafalgar'

class boats

ASW,

with

secondary

anti-ship role.

Diving depth:

400

(

1,3

ft)

operational

and

600

(1,970

ft)

maxlmum

Torpedotubes: five

533-mm

(2l-in)

533-mm

-in)

torpedoes

and

five

Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles

Mk5

Stonefishand

MkO

SeaUrchrr

mines

Missiles:none

Electronics:

one

Tlpe

1006

surfae

searchradar,

one

Tlpe

2020

sonar

one

Type

2024

towedsona-r, one

Type

2007sonar, one

Type

2019

sonar.

one

ESM

system, and one DCB

torpedc

and

missile fire-control system

bow

Basic load:

and

Tigerfish

Complement:97

order. The major improvements over

the

'Swiftsure' class

include

several

features

reduce

the

underwater

radiated

noise.

These compnse

new

reactor

system, a

pump-jet

propulsion

system

rather

than

conventional

propeller and the

covering

the

pressure hull and outer

surfaces

with

anechoic tiles

gdve

the same

type

protection as afforded

the

Soviet

Specification

5,200

tons

'Trafalga/

class

Displacement:

4,700 tons

surfaced and

dived

'Clusterguard' coating

reducing

Dimensiors:

lengrth 85.4

(280 ft 3 rn);

beam

9,8

(32

in);

draught

8.2

(27 ft 0

in)

Right: Similar in

many

respects to

the

'Swiftsure'

class,flMS

Trafalgrar is

llre

first

Royal

avy

submarine

covered with

anechoic tiles

that

teduced

undernvater

radia

ted noise.

Below

With HMS

lllustrious

lie

background,

HMS

Trafalgar

enfers

DevonportNavalBase

tie up

the

ubm

arine

quadron

berth.

noise. The Trafalgar

the first boat

be fitted with the

Tlpe

2020

sonar,

and

berng used

the development test

piatform for

the system.

According

other reports there

has also

been

internal compartment rearrangement

rationalize

and

centralize

the

opera-

tions,

sound

and

ESlv7radar

rooms.

The

remaining

systerns,

the armament

and the sonars

are

the

Same

fitted

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