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A Method for the Visualisation of Historical
Multivariate Spatial Data
Alwyn Davidson
B.App.Sc
A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Health
RMIT University
Melbourne, Victoria
August, 2011
A Method for the Visualisation of Historical Multivariate Spatial Data
Declaration
I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the
author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for
any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been
carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any
editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics
procedures and guidelines have been followed.
Alwyn Davidson
August 2011
Declaration
ii
A Method for the Visualisation of Historical Multivariate Spatial Data
Acknowledgements
There are a number of people to whom I would like to express my sincere gratitude for their
support and guidance. First and foremost, thankyou to my supervisors Colin Arrowsmith
and Deb Verhoeven. I could not have done without your experience, enthusiasm, guidance,
and understanding. Thankyou also for the respect you have given me and the friendship and
laughs, it has made the last three years thoroughly rewarding and enjoyable. I would also
like to acknowledge that Colin and Deb have co-authored peer-reviewed papers in which
aspects of this research have been published. These publications are:
Davidson, A., Arrowsmith, C., and Verhoeven, D. 2011.
A Method for the Visual
Representation of Historic Multivariate Point Data.
In: Advances in Cartography
and GIScience. Volume 2. Selection from ICC 2011 Paris. Anne Ruas (ed).
Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Verhoeven. D., Arrowsmith, C., and Davidson, A. 2011. (Forthcoming Book
Chapter).
The role of GIS and spatial analyses for understanding historical change
in the post-war film industry: an interdisciplinary case study approach.
In: Locating
the Moving Image, Indiana University Press
My thanks also go out to the entire ARC research group members, especially those who
gave me their expert cinematic feedback. Thankyou Olympia and Dean for your advice and
help, and an especially big thankyou to Ronan for interpreting my ideas into computer talk
for the two customised scripts. I have spent the last seven years as part of the Geospatial
Department, and I would like to thank all the members I have had the privilege to meet. In
particular I would like to thank David Silcock, Bill Cartwright, Chris Bellman, and Sue
Lynn Choy. To my fellow post-grad friends, thankyou for all the fun – special thanks go to
Monique and Yin for all their help.
In closing, thankyou to my family for all their love and support, in particular Saan and Row
who put up with me through most of it. Thankyou to the Sheppard’s for housing me on
many occasions, and finally thankyou Steve for your understanding, love, and general
cheeriness when I needed it most.
Acknowledgements
iii
A Method for the Visualisation of Historical Multivariate Spatial Data
Table of Contents
Declaration ......................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................iv
List of Figures ....................................................................................................ix
List of Tables................................................................................................... xiii
List of Appendices ...........................................................................................xiv
List of Acronyms...............................................................................................xv
Abstract ............................................................................................................xvi
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Introduction............................................................................................................... 1
Research Objective ................................................................................................... 3
Background and Rationale........................................................................................ 3
Overview of the Research......................................................................................... 7
Conclusions............................................................................................................. 10
2 Visualisations for Historical Spatial Data ...................................................11
2.1
2.2
Introduction............................................................................................................. 11
Historical Spatial Information ................................................................................ 12
2.2.1 History and Geography.......................................................................................
12
2.2.2 The Nature of Historical Spatial Information
..................................................... 14
2.2.3 Historical Geographic Information Systems.......................................................
17
2.2.4 Visualisation........................................................................................................
19
2.3
Visualisation Techniques ........................................................................................ 22
2.3.1 Choropleth Mapping
........................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Isarithmic Mapping
............................................................................................. 29
2.3.3 Ordering and Differential Visual Variables........................................................
33
Table of Contents
iv
A Method for the Visualisation of Historical Multivariate Spatial Data
2.3.4 Graphic Depictions
............................................................................................. 36
2.3.4.1
2.3.4.2
2.3.4.3
2.3.4.4
Individual Locations or Areas
..................................................................... 37
Categories of Space Divided........................................................................
41
Location Based on Distance
........................................................................ 42
Individual graphs for individual locations
.................................................. 43
2.3.5 Three-dimensional Representations....................................................................
44
2.4
Visualising the Variation in Historical Spatial Data............................................... 48
2.4.1 Visualising Historical Spatial Data
.................................................................... 49
2.4.2 Visualising Historical Spatial Data that Change Over Time..............................
56
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4
Snapshot.......................................................................................................
56
Time-series Graphs......................................................................................
61
Change in States
.......................................................................................... 62
Visual Variables...........................................................................................
64
2.4.3 Visualising Historical Multivariate Spatial Data
............................................... 66
2.4.5 Visualising Historical Multivariate Spatial Data that Change Over Time.........
71
2.5
Conclusions............................................................................................................. 76
3 Case Study – Cinema Venues in Melbourne, Australia Between 1946 and
1986 ...................................................................................................................77
3.1
3.2
3.3
Introduction............................................................................................................. 77
Cinema .................................................................................................................... 79
Melbourne’s Cinema Industry 1946-1986 .............................................................. 80
3.3.1 The City of Melbourne.........................................................................................
80
3.3.2 History and Geography of Melbourne Cinema...................................................
83
3.4
Cinema Studies and Geography.............................................................................. 87
3.4.1 New Cinema History
........................................................................................... 87
3.4.2 The Spatial Turn in the Humanities and Cinema Studies
................................... 89
3.5
Visualising Cinema Data ........................................................................................ 92
3.5.1 Visualisation of Spatial Cinema Data.................................................................
92
3.5.2 Visualisation of Spatial Cinema Data that Change Over Time
.......................... 95
3.6
Conclusions............................................................................................................. 97
Table of Contents
v

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