BasicsofEx.pdf

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Basics of Explosion Protection
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Introduction to Explosion Protection
for Electrical Apparatus and Installations
Product Range
Product Range
R. STAHL SCHALTGERÄTE GMBH
A company of the
R. STAHL TECHNOLOGY GROUP
PRODUCT RANGE
Switchgear
Installation equipment
Control and monitoring equipment
Terminal boxes and control stations
Position switches
Load and motor switchgear
Switching and distribution systems with EEx modules
Switching and distribution systems with
flameproof enclosures
Control equipment in pressurized enclosures
Signaling and monitoring equipment
Measurement and control equipment
Equipment for conduit installation
Lighting
Fluorescent light fittings
Emergency fluorescent light fittings
Light fittings in sheet steel
Pendant light fittings
Bulk head light fittings
Floodlights
Portable lamps
Portable searchlights
Tank inspection lights
Emergency light power supply units
Instrumentation
Safety barrier modules
I.S. Isolators
Remote I/O
Operating and monitoring systems
Instrumentation systems
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Introduction
It is a fact that gases, vapours and mists escape during the
production, processing, transportation and storage of flamma-
ble materials in the chemical and petrochemical industries, as
well as in the production of mineral oil and natural gas, in mining
and in many other sectors. During many processes also
flammable dusts are created. These flammable gases,
vapours, mists and dusts, form an explosive atmosphere with
the oxygen of the air. In the case that this atmosphere is ignited,
explosions take place which can result in severe harm to
human life and property
To avoid the danger of explosions, protective regulations in
form of laws, specifications and standards have been
developed in most countries and are aimed at ensuring that a
high level of safety is observed. Due to the growing international
economic link, extensive progress has been made in harmoni-
zing the regulations for the explosion protection. The conditions
for a complete harmonization have been created in the Euro-
pean Union by the 9/94 EC Directive. However, world-wide
there is still much to be done in this area.
The aim of this brochure is to provide both experts and
interested laymen with an overview in the field of explosion
protection; in conjunction with electrical apparatus and
installations, it does not replace the study of the relevant sta-
tutory regulations and applicable standards.
In mining, miners underground have always lived under the
threat of firedamp explosions. Herein lie the origins of
explosion protection, which has been consistently developed
in industrialized countries and now provides a high level of
safety.
Picture of a pit explosion
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Introduction
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Contents
Contents
The basic physic Principles and Definitions of Explosion Protection
Statutory Regulations and Standards
2.1
2.2
International Standards
European Directives and Standards
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2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 EC Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX 100a)
2.2.3 Certification and Marking
2.3
Statutory Regulations in Germany
Technical Principles
3.1
3.2
3.3
Zone Classification
Explosion Groups and Temperature Classes
Types of Protection
3.3.1 Application and Combination of Types of Protection ”d” and ”e”
3.3.2 Applications of Type of Protection “Intrinsic Safety“
Installation and Operation of Electrical Equipment
4.1
Duties of Installer, Manufacturer and Operator
4.2
Classification of Zones and Selection of Apparatus
4.3
Methods of Installation
4.4
Repair and Maintenance
Explosion Protection in North America
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Classification of Hazardous Locations
5.3
Regulations for Installation
5.4
Constructional Requirements
5.5
Degrees of Protection provided by Enclosures
5.6
Certification and Marking
Appendix
6.1
Comparison of IEC Publications and European Standards (EN)
6.2
Safety Characteristics of Flammable Gases and Vapours
6.3
Classification of Hazardous Locations in North America
6.4
Constructional Requirements in North America
6.5
Degrees of Protection to IEC 60529 – IPXX
6.6
Degrees of Protection to NEMA Standards
6.7
Overview of the most important Approval and Testing Authorities
Literature
Index
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Page 6-7
Page 8-10
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Page 11-15
Page 16-17
Page 18-19
Page 20-26
Page 28
Page 29
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