Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures 6th Ed [2013].pdf

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A B B R E V I AT I O N S
Arb.
am
C
cc
CDC
cGy
Ci
cm H
2
O
D
e.g.
Eq
et al.
F
fl
g
h
i.e.
IM
arbitary units
before noon
Celsius
cubic centimetres
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
centigray
curie
centimeters of water
day
exempli gratiâ,
for (the
sake of) example
equivalent
et alii,
and others
Fahrenheit
fluid
gram
hour
id est,
that is
intramuscular
IU
IV
J
K
L or l
lb
m
m
2
m
3
min
mm Hg
mol
mol wt
mOsm
pm
PO
sec
SC
SI units
U
international unit
intravenous
joules
Kelvin (degrees)
liter
pound
meter
square meters
cubic meters
minute
millimeters of mercury
mole
molecular weight
milliosmole
after noon, afternoon
per os,
by mouth, orally
seconds
subcutaneous
Système International units
units
MEASUREMENT PREFIXES
c
d
k
m
centi-, 10
−2
deci-, 10
−1
kilo-, 10
3
milli-, 10
−3
µ
n
p
f
micro-, 10
−6
nano-, 10
−9
pico-, 10
−12
femto-, 10
−15
SYMBOLS
=
>
<
≥
≤
±
equal to, equals
greater than
less than
greater than or equal to
less than or equal to
plus or minus
Laboratory Tests
and Diagnostic
Procedures
Sixth Edition
EDITED AND AUTHORED BY
Cynthia C. Chernecky,
PhD, RN, CNS, AOCN, FAAN
Professor
Department of Physiological and Technological Nursing
College of Nursing
Georgia Regents University Augusta
Augusta, Georgia
Barbara J. Berger,
MSN, RN, CNS
Director of Clinical Management
SummaCare, Inc.
Akron, Ohio
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
LABORATORY TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
ISBN: 978-1-4557-0694-5
Copyright © 2013, 2008, 2004, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of
each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying
on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures / edited by Cynthia C. Chernecky, Barbara J. Berger. – 6th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4557-0694-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I. Chernecky, Cynthia C. II. Berger, Barbara J.
[DNLM: 1. Clinical Laboratory Techniques–Handbooks. QY 39]
616.07’5–dc23
2012041501
Content Strategist:
Tamara Myers
Publishing Services Manager:
Deborah Vogel
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9
8 7 6
5
4
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2
1
Project Manager:
Bridget Healy
Design Direction:
Maggie Reid
Working together to grow
libraries in developing countries
www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
REVIEWERS
Reviewers
JoAnn Acierno, MSN, RN
Carol A. Biscardi, PA-C, PhD
Teresa Brenan Turi, MSN, RN, CNM
Yvette P. Conley, PhD
Joseph R. Hawkins
Sheryl Hutchinson, PhD, MSN, RN, ANP-C
Stephen D. Krau, PhD, RN, CNE, CT
Dr. Geralyn Lopez-de-Victoria
Christine Alichnie, PhD, RN
John T. Benjamin, MD
Barbara J. Berger, MSN, RN, CNS
Amy Bieda, MSN, RN, CNP
Martha J. Bradshaw, PhD, RN
Wendy Gram Brick, MD
Russell E. Burgess, MD
Patricia A. Catalano, MSN, RN, CCRN
Cynthia C. Chernecky, PhD, RN, CNS,
AOCN, FAAN
Robyn DeGennaro, RN, CCRN
Michelle Ficca, PhD, RN
Michael E. Fincher, MD
Mark S. Green, MS, PA-C
Annette Gunderman, PhD, RN
Sharon Haymaker, PhD, RN
Steve S. Lee, BSN, RN
Carla R. Lynch, MS, RN
Dana Sue Parker, DNP, RN, APN
Mary Lou Robinson, PhD, RN
Jennifer Sweat, BSN Student, (Georgia
Health Sciences University)
Bonnie L. Welniak, RN
Alan H. Wu, PhD, DABCC
The Editors Acknowledge the Contributors to the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Editions
Ronald W. Lewis, MD
Kathryn S. McLeod, MD
Shelli McLeod, BSN, RN-C, CCE
Kenneth P. Miller, PhD, RN, CFNP, FAAN
Marguerite J. Murphy, RN, DNP
David Nicolaou, MD, MS, FACEP
Carl E. Rosenberg, MD, MBA
William H. Salazar, MD
Robert R. Schade, MD
Kevin Navin Sheth, MD
Judith Banks Stallings, BS, PA-C
Benjamin H. Taylor, Jr., MPAS, PA-C
Saundra L. Turner, EdD, RN-CS, FNP
Rachel Vaneck, MSN, RN, CNP
Eric Walsh, MD
Kristy Woods, MD
Timothy L. Wren, RN, DNP
iii

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