Physiology 5yh ed. - L. Costanzo.pdf

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Physiology
FIFTH EDITION
Linda S. Costanzo, PhD
Professor of Physiology and Biophysics
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Richmond, Virginia
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste. 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
PHYSIOLOGY
Copyright©2014bySaunders,animprintofElsevierInc.
ISBN:978-1-4557-0847-5
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
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Previous editions copyrighted 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998
ISBN:978-1-4557-0847-5
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To
Heinz Valtin
and
Arthur C. Guyton,
who have written so well for students of physiology
Richard, Dan, Rebecca, Sheila, Elise,
and
Max,
who make everything worthwhile
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Preface
Physiology is the foundation of medical practice. A firm grasp of its principles is essential
for the medical student and the practicing physician. This book is intended for students
of medicine and related disciplines who are engaged in the study of physiology. It can
be used either as a companion to lectures and syllabi in discipline-based curricula or as
a primary source in integrated or problem-based curricula. For advanced students, the
book can serve as a reference in pathophysiology courses and in clinical clerkships.
In the fifth edition of this book, as in the previous editions, the important concepts
in physiology are covered at the organ system and cellular levels. Chapters 1 and 2
present the underlying principles of cellular physiology and the autonomic nervous
system. Chapters 3 through 10 present the major organ systems: neurophysiology and
cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, acid-base, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproduc-
tive physiology. The relationships between organ systems are emphasized to underscore
the integrative mechanisms for homeostasis.
This edition includes the following features designed to facilitate the study of
physiology:
♦
Text
that is easy to read and concise: Clear headings orient the student to the orga-
nization and hierarchy of the material. Complex physiologic information is presented
systematically, logically, and step-wise. When a process occurs in a specific sequence,
the steps are numbered in the text and often correlate with numbers shown in a
figure. Bullets are used to separate and highlight the features of a process. Rhetorical
questions are posed throughout the text to anticipate the questions that students may
be asking; by first contemplating and then answering these questions, students learn
to explain difficult concepts and rationalize unexpected or paradoxical findings. Refer-
ences at the end of each chapter direct the student to monographs, texts, review
articles, and classic papers that offer further detail or historical perspective. Chapter
summaries provide a brief overview.
♦
Tables and illustrations
that can be used in concert with the text or, because they
are designed to stand alone, as a review: The tables summarize, organize, and make
comparisons. Examples are (1) a table that compares the gastrointestinal hormones
with respect to hormone family, site of and stimuli for secretion, and hormone
actions; (2) a table that compares the pathophysiologic features of disorders of Ca
2+
homeostasis; and (3) a table that compares the features of the action potential in
different cardiac tissues. The illustrations are clearly labeled, often with main head-
ings, and include simple diagrams, complex diagrams with numbered steps, and flow
charts.
♦
Equations and sample problems
that are integrated into the text: All terms and units
in equations are defined, and each equation is restated in words to place it in a
physiologic context. Sample problems are followed by complete numerical solutions
and explanations that guide the student through the proper steps in reasoning; by
vii

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