Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function (9th ed).pdf

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Vander et al's
Human Physiology:
The Mechanisms
of Body Function
9th Edition
Eric P. Widmaier
Hershel Raff
Kevin T. Strang
ISBN:
Description:
Publication Date:
0-07-288074-0
©2004 / Hardcover
January 2003
Overview
The ninth edition of this classic text has been entrusted into the capable hands of a
dynamic new author team. Eric Widmaier, Hershel Raff, and Kevin Strang have taken
on the challenge of maintaining the strengths and reputation that have long been the
hallmark of
Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function.
The fundamental
purpose of this textbook has remained undeniably the same: to present the principles
and facts of human physiology in a format that is suitable for undergraduates regardless
of academic background or field of study.
Human Physiology, ninth edition,
carries on
the tradition of clarity and accuracy, while refining and updating the content to meet the
needs of today's instructors and students. The ninth edition features a streamlined,
clinically oriented focus to the study of human body systems. Widmaier is considered
higher level than
Human Physiology
by Stuart Fox, due to its increased emphasis on the
mechanisms of body functions.
Widmaier−Raff−Strang−Erskine:
Human Physiology, Ninth
Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2003
PREFACE
Assuming the authorship of a textbook with the well-
deserved reputation of Vander, Sherman, and Luciano’s
Human Physiology
has been a privilege and an honor
for each of the new authors. We have stayed true to the
overall mission of the textbook, which is to present the
topic of physiology in a sophisticated way that is suit-
able for any student of the science. One of the strengths
of the Vander et al. text has been its thoroughness and
clarity of presentation. Although the text now reflects
our own writing style, we made it a priority to con-
tinue the tradition of presenting the material in each
chapter in an unambiguous, straightforward way, with
easy-to-follow illustrations and flow diagrams.
The eighth edition of
Human Physiology
was re-
viewed extensively by colleagues across the United
States. Many suggestions emerged that have enabled
us to improve even further the pedagogical value of
the textbook. Long-time users of this textbook will no-
tice that certain chapters have been reorganized and,
in some cases, either expanded or condensed. There
have also been a considerable number of new clinical
applications added to most chapters, without, how-
ever, having to resort to colored “boxes” scattered
throughout the text that distract the reader. Many of
these new clinical features were incorporated into the
body of the text, while in other cases expanded dis-
cussions were added to the end-of-chapter sections in
a new feature called “Additional Clinical Examples.”
We feel that these additional clinical highlights will
grab the interest of students interested in any area of
health care, be it allied health, medicine or dentistry,
biomedical engineering, or any of the other related
health disciplines.
Many features of this ninth edition will be familiar
to past users of the textbook. For example, key terms
are featured in the text in
boldface,
while clinical terms
are in
bold italics.
Key and clinical terms, with pagi-
nation, as well as succinct chapter summaries and
thought questions, are still included at the end of each
section and chapter. The glossary, already among the
best of its kind, has been further expanded by over 400
terms. Illustrations continue to make use of clear, care-
fully labelled diagrams and flowcharts. However, the
new edition features something new in the inclusion of
photographs of individuals with clinical disorders.
The goal of this revision has been to make an ex-
cellent textbook even better by presenting the material
in a sequence that is more geared to the typical sequence
of lectures offered in many human physiology courses.
While we have retained the sophistication of the writ-
ing style, we have also carefully gone over each sen-
tence to improve the flow and readability of the text for
the modern student.
“ . . . the ninth edition appears poised to carry on
the excellence of its predecessors and should
remain the most popular choice in the human
physiology market.”
John J. Lepri
University of North Carolina-Greensboro
REVISION HIGHLIGHTS FOR
NINTH EDITION
Consolidation of Homeostasis
A chief feature of the new edition is the consolidation
of the topic of homeostasis, which was previously split
between the opening chapter and Chapter 7. The text
now opens with an expanded, detailed chapter on
homeostasis and feedback. This provides the student
with a frame of reference, to enable him or her to ap-
preciate the fact that homeostasis is the unifying prin-
ciple of physiology. This change also reflects the fact
that many teachers of physiology begin their instruc-
tion with a detailed discussion of homeostatic princi-
ples.
Streamlined Introductory Chapters
Former Chapter 2 has been retained and updated, while
former Chapters 3 through 5 have been consolidated
into a single chapter. The material in Chapters 2 and 3
is presented in a logical pattern, beginning with cell
chemistry and cell structure, proceeding to biochemical
characteristics of proteins, protein synthesis and degra-
dation, and concluding with protein actions (including
enzymes). Some of the former material on the genetics
of the cell cycle and replication has been deleted, so that
the focus of the introductory chapters is now directed
more toward protein structure and function and its re-
lationship to physiology. Streamlining this material has
also allowed us to expand areas of particular interest in
the systems physiology chapters without extending the
length of the book.
xxi
Widmaier−Raff−Strang−Erskine:
Human Physiology, Ninth
Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2003
xxii
Preface
“I like the idea of spending more time on organ
systems. . . .consolidation of endocrine sections is a
good idea.”
James Porter
Brigham Young University
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
The following is a list of some of the key changes, up-
dates, and refinements that have been made to ninth
edition chapters.
Chapter 1
Homeostasis: A Framework for
Human Physiology
Thorough discussion of homeostasis
Fluid composition across cell membranes
Variability and time-averaged means
Feedback at the organ and cellular levels
Quantification of physiological variables
Chapter 2
Chemical Composition of the Body
Dehydration reactions
Peptide/protein distinction
Protein structures introduced
ATP structure and importance
Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Protein Function
Condensed coverage of Chapters 3, 4, and 5 in eighth
edition
Emphasis on protein biology
Logical progression from cell chemistry through protein
signaling mechanisms
Chapter 4
Movement of Molecules Across Cell
Membranes
Types of gated channels identified
Details on transporter mechanisms
Isotonic solutions to replace blood volume after injury
Chapter 5
Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers
Subunit structure and mechanism of G-proteins
Genomic actions of cAMP
Calcium’s role in protein kinase C activation
Eicosanoid structure and function
Chapter 6
Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the
Nervous System
Revised discussion of the origin of resting and
action potentials
Explanation of the Nernst equation and its importance
in understanding how ions move across neuronal
membranes
Updated mechanisms of neurotransmitter release and actions
Adrenergic subtypes and their actions
New Figures:
Myelin formation; Sodium and potassium channel
function; Myelinization and saltatory conduction;
Neurotransmitter storage and release; Brain surface
and midline anatomy; Cellular organization of the
cortex
New Clinical Material:
Mechanism of anesthetic action; Effects of diabetes on the
nervous system
Chapter 7
Sensory Physiology
Recent discoveries related to sensory receptors
Neural pathways of somatosensory system
Phototransduction
New Figures:
Pathways of pain transmission; Phototransduction in
New Endocrinology Chapter
A third major organizational change is the consolidation
of the presentations of thyroid function, endocrine con-
trol of growth, and the control of the stress response, from
their previous chapters throughout the text into a single
chapter on Endocrinology. The hormones involved in
these processes are still referred to throughout the text in
the context of different organ systems, but the major dis-
cussions of thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and cor-
tisol are now presented as individual sections in Chapter
11. This change was made in response to numerous re-
quests from instructors to expand the endocrine unit and
make it more cohesive. We have retained the outstand-
ing discussion of general principles of endocrinology as
the first section of the revised chapter.
Improved Nervous System Coverage
The chapters on the nervous system, most notably, have
been updated to include new information on
neurotransmitter actions, learning and memory, and
sensory transduction, to name a few examples. The dis-
cussion of electrical events in the cell has been expanded
and restructured. For example, the Nernst equation and
its importance in understanding membrane potential
and ion flux has been moved from the appendices and
incorporated directly into the body of the text.
Enhanced Clinical Coverage
Finally, dozens of new clinical features have been added
to the text, in order to better help the student put this
body of knowledge into a real-life context. Some of these
are highlighted in the list that follows. A list of clinical
terms used throughout the text has been included as a
separate index in Appendix F making it easy for the
reader to immediately locate where a particular disor-
der or disease is covered.
“To me, the clinical examples are the strongest
point. . . . This makes the information more
relevant, and therefore, more learnable.”
James D. Herman
Texas A&M University
We believe the result of these changes is to make
a great book even better and more lecture-friendly, as
well as to draw the student deeper into the realm of
pathophysiology in addition to normal physiological
mechanisms.
Widmaier−Raff−Strang−Erskine:
Human Physiology, Ninth
Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2003
Preface
xxiii
photoreceptor; Neurotransmitter release in auditory
hair cell
New Clinical Material:
Genetics of color blindness; Genetic pedigree for red-green
color blindness; Loss of hearing and balance
Chapter 8
Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
Expansion of sleep/wake control mechanisms
New theories of memory function
Hemispheric dominance, including split-brain patients
New Figure:
Encoding and storing of memories
New Clinical Material:
Physiological changes associated with sleep; Manifestation
of unilateral visual neglect; Temporal lobe
dysfunction and formation of declarative memory;
Amygdala lobe dysfunction and emotions; Head
trauma and conscious state
Chapter 9
Muscle
Expanded description of cross-bridge cycle
Role of DHP and ryanodine receptors
Concentric versus eccentric muscle contractions
Tetanic muscle force
Oxygen debt
Latch state
New Figures:
Neuromuscular junction; Signaling at neuromuscular
junction; Muscle mechanics apparatus
New Clinical Material:
Paralytic agents in surgery; Nerve gas paralysis;
Botulinum toxin; Muscle cramps; Duchenne
muscular dystrophy; Myasthenia gravis
Chapter 10
Control of Body Movement
Expanded discussion of proprioception
New Clinical Material:
Embryonic stem cells and Parkinson’s disease; Cerebellar
function and autism; Clasp-knife phenomenon; Tetanus
Chapter 11
The Endocrine System
Membrane localization of certain receptors
Acute and delayed actions of hormones
Diffusion of steroid hormones
Effect of calcium on parathyroid hormone secretion
Functions of oxytocin
Amplification of endocrine responses in three-hormone
sequence
New sections on thyroid hormone, growth, and stress
New Figures:
Thyroid anatomy; Thyroid hormone synthesis; Person with
goiter; Person with exophthalmia; Person with
Cushing’s syndrome; Person with acromegaly
New Clinical Material:
Androgen insensitivity syndrome; Autonomous hormone-
secreting tumors; Hypertrophy and goiter; Effects of
TH; Hyperthyroidism; Graves’ disease; Exophthalmos;
Hypothyroidism; Hashimoto’s disease; Myxedema;
Autoimmune thyroiditis; Treatment of thyroid
diseases; Effects of stress-induced cortisol production
on reproduction; Primary and secondary adrenal
insufficiency; Cushing’s syndrome; Treatment of
adrenal diseases; Laron dwarfism; Acromegaly and
gigantism
Chapter 12
Cardiovascular Physiology
Updated information on pacemaker cells
L-type calcium channels
Cushing’s phenomenon
Reference table for ECG leads
New Figures:
Cardiac pacemaker cell action potential; Electron
micrograph of brain capillary; Person with filariasis;
Dye-contrast coronary angioplasty
New Clinical Material:
Angiostatin and blood vessel growth in cancer; Causes
of edema; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Vasovagal
syncope
“Content is appropriate level for my students, and
it is rigorous enough but not too rigorous.”
Charles Nicoll
University of California-Berkeley
Chapter 13
Respiratory Physiology
Law of Laplace
Steep portion of oxygen dissociation curve
New Figures:
Law of Laplace; Sleep apnea
New Clinical Material:
Nitric oxide as treatment for persistent pulmonary
hypertension; Acute respiratory distress syndrome;
Sleep apnea
Chapter 14
The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and
Inorganic Ions
Effects of constriction and dilation of afferent and efferent
arterioles; Dietary sources of vitamin D
New Figures:
Parathyroid glands; Arteriolar constriction and dilation in
glomerulus; Hemodialysis
New Clinical Material:
Incontinence; Subtypes of diabetes insipidus; ACE
inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists;
Hyperaldosteronism; Hypercalcemia and
hypocalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism; Humoral
hypercalcemia of malignancy; Primary
hypoparathyroidism; Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Chapter 15
The Digestion and Absorption of Food
Table on the functions of saliva
Role of CNS in GI function
Effect of pH on pepsin production
Updated average daily intakes of carbohydrate, fat,
and protein
New Figure:
Endoscopy
New Clinical Material:
Inflammatory bowel disease; Malabsorption; Pernicious
anemia; Sjögren’s syndrome; Steatorrhea;
Lithotripsy
Widmaier−Raff−Strang−Erskine:
Human Physiology, Ninth
Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2003
xxiv
Preface
Chapter 16
Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy
Balance
Hormone-sensitive lipase
Diabetes mellitus nomenclature updated
Ketone types
Resistin and insulin resistance
Effect of temperature on rate of chemical reactions
New Clinical Material:
Familial hyperchlolesterolemia; Vitamin deficiency and
hyperthyroidism; Leptin resistance; Decreased leptin
during starvation; Hypothalamic disease; Brown
adipose tissue; Heat stroke and heat exhaustion
Chapter 17
Reproduction
Dihydrotestosterone; 5-alpha-reductase, and aromatase
New theories on initiation of parturition
New Figures:
Klinefelter’s syndrome; Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
New Clinical Material:
Male pattern baldness; Hypogonadism; Klinefelter’s
syndrome; Gynecomastia; Hyperprolactinemia;
Toxemia; Breech presentation; Contraception
methods; Amenorrhea; Cloning; Cryptorchidism;
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; Virilization;
Ambiguous genitalia; Precocious puberty
Chapter 18
Defense Mechanisms of the Body
Cross-talk within immune system
Margination
Diapedesis
Types of antigens
Structure of immunoglobulins
New Clinical Material:
Karposi’s sarcoma; Systemic lupus erythematosus
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are deeply indebted to the following indi-
viduals for their contributions to the ninth edition of
Human Physiology.
Their feedback on the eighth edition,
their critique of the revised text, or their participation
in a focus group provided invaluable assistance and
greatly improved the final product. Any errors that may
remain are solely the responsibility of the authors.
J
ames Aiman
Medical College of Wisconsin
Bella T. Altura
SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn
Robert J. Ballantyne
California State University, Chico
Bruce Bennett
Community College of Rhode Island
Eric Bittman
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Paul A. Boepple
Harvard Medical School (MGH)
Patricia S. Bowne
Alverno College
John D. Buntin
University of Wisconsin
Fernando A. Carballo
St. Luke’s Medical Center
John Celenza
Boston University
Allen W. Cowley
Medical College of Wisconsin
Jean-Pierre Dujardin
The Ohio State University
James Ervasti
University of Wisconsin–Madison
James W. Findling
St. Luke’s Medical Center
Robert S. Fitzgerald
Johns Hopkins University
Hubert V. Forster
Medical College of Wisconsin
Kathleen French
University of California–San Diego
Norman E. Garrison
James Madison University
Thomas Gilmore
Boston University
Elizabeth Godrick
Boston University
David L. Hammerman
Long Island University
Matthew H. Hanna
St. Luke’s Medical Center
Lois Jane Heller
University of Minnesota, School of Medicine–Duluth
Patrick K. Hidy
Central Texas College
Herbert W. House
Elon College
Theodore J. Hubley
St. Luke’s Medical Center
Kelly Johnson
University of Kansas
Kenneth V. Kaloustian
Quinnipiac University
Harold M. Kaplan
Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine
Michael L. Kennedy
Pacific Lutheran University
Penny Knoblich
Minnesota State University, Mankato
Kiyomi Koizumi
SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, College of Medicine
David Kurjiaka
Ohio University
Beth M. Lalande
St. Luke’s Medical Center
John J. Lepri
University of North Carolina–Greensboro
Charles Kingsley Levy
Boston University

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