uz_PleneWriting.pdf

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Aleksandra Makarova
Plene-Writing in Neo-Hittite
Senior Thesis in the Department of Linguistics
With Prof. Gary Holland
December 11, 2001.
University of California, Berkeley.
2
Table of Contents.
Introduction
5
1.1. The definition of plene-spelling in Hittite................................................................. 5
1.2. Plene-Spelling in Akkadian...................................................................................... 5
2. The purpose of the study............................................................................................... 6
3. Methodology.................................................................................................................7
Notes................................................................................................................................ 10
Chapter 1: The History of the Question
11
I.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 11
I.2. Plene-writing as having mostly non-phonological functions.................................... 11
I.3. Plene-writing and ablaut and/or accent..................................................................... 14
I.4. Plene-writing and vowel length................................................................................. 17
I.5. Plene-writing as having multiple uses....................................................................... 21
I.6. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 23
Notes................................................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 2: No Change in Plene-Writing
25
II.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 25
II.2.
šara
and
para...........................................................................................................
26
II.3. Verbs
eš-, ep-
and
wek-
and some pronouns............................................................ 26
II.4. The verbs
peda-
and
uda-........................................................................................
32
II.5. The inchoative suffix -ēšš......................................................................................... 33
3
II.6. Animate nom. pl. ending
-ēš.....................................................................................
35
II.7. Mediopassive terminations before -ri/-ru................................................................ 37
II.8. Reflexes of *iH and *uH.......................................................................................... 38
II.8.1. Neuter pl. collectives in
–h
2
2...................................................................
38
II.8.2.
ešša-, heu-
and
hewana-..........................................................................
41
II.9. Reflexes of accented *i and *u................................................................................ 43
II.10. The reflexes of *éu............................................................................................... 45
II.10.1. Dative sg. in –ui..................................................................................... 45
II.10.2. Other words:
up-; unna-
and
karu-.......................................................
46
II.11. The verbs
handai-
and
hatrai-..............................................................................
40
II.12. Morphologically isolated nouns........................................................................... 50
Notes................................................................................................................................ 54
Chapter 3: Changes in Plene-Spelling from Old to Neo-Hittite
56
III.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 55
III. 2. Plene-writing is Less Frequent............................................................................. 56
III.2.1. The root vowels of the u-stem nouns...................................................... 56
III.2.1.1. Root vowel
a............................................................................
56
III.2.1.2 Root vowel e............................................................................. 58
III.2.2. Heteroclitics
mehur, šehur, watar
and
ešhar..........................................
61
III.2.3. Root-vowel
a
in mi-conj. verbs............................................................... 65
III.3. Plene-writing is given up...................................................................................... 67
III.3.1
šer, peran, appa and menahhanda...........................................................
67
III.3.2. Hi-verbs of the root form CaRC............................................................. 70
4
III.4. Plene-spelling is more frequent............................................................................ 73
III.4.1. Diphthong
ai-........................................................................................
73
III.4.1.1. Diphthongs
ai
in ai-stem nouns.............................................. 73
III.4.1.2. The verb
pai-..........................................................................
76
III.4.2. Third plural ending –er.......................................................................... 79
III.4.3. The verb
šešk-........................................................................................
82
III.5. Changes in Paradigms........................................................................................... 84
III. 5.1.
Tehhi-class
verbs.................................................................................. 84
III.5.2. The verb
da-...........................................................................................
92
Notes.............................................................................................................................. 95
Conclusion
96
Bibliography
100
Appendix
102
5
Introduction
1.1. The definition of plene-spelling in Hittite
Plene-writing can be defined as the repetition of a vowel sign before or after a
syllabic sign containing an adjacent identical (or ambiguous with possibility of being
identical) vowel. Each of the four vowels in Hittite (a, i, e, u) can be written plene.
Thus, for example, the following forms may occur:
a-ar-hu-un
‘I reached, attained’,
a-
pa-a-aš
‘that one (N. sg.)’,
i-it
‘go (2sg. imp.)’,
ha-an-ti-i
‘separately’,
e-ep-zi
‘he
takes’,
na-ak-ke-e-eš
‘heavy, important (N. pl.)’,
ú-uk
‘I, self, ego (N.)’,
nu-u-ma-an
‘never, by no means’. Although a number of words are always or nearly always written
plene (e.g. preverb
pa-ra-a
and 3 sg. pret. of the verb ‘be’
e-eš-ta),
the vast majority of
Hittite words of all periods that occur with plene writing can also be found without it. It
is also widely accepted
1
that, in general, the plene-spelling is more frequent in the Old
and Middle Hittite texts than in the writings of the late empire.
1.2. Plene-Spelling in Akkadian
2
Before discussing plene-spelling in Hittite it is useful to go over the uses of
scriptio plena in the Akkadian writing tradition from which the Hittite scribes adopted the
cuneiform system. It is important to note from the beginning that the definition of plene-
writing in Babylonian is different from the one in Hittite: it does not include the group of
signs of the form V-VC. In this tradition, the sequence of a vowel sign followed by the
syllable beginning with the same vowel is used to denote weak consonants, and glides in
particular. Thus, for instance, Old Akkadian
i-ik-mi
and Old Babylonian
ú-ur-qá-am
are

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