Science - December 5 2014.pdf

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CONTENTS
5 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 6 • I S S U E 6 2 1 4
11
1172
The kid’s guide to
mic
microorganisms
NEWS
1161
FEATURE
1186
STABILITY AT THE SURFACE
The structure beneath a surface
is a key factor in its electronic and
chemical function
By S. A. Chambers
▶
REPORT P. 1215
1167
UNKNOWN SIGNIFICANCE
Years of writing about genetic testing
did not prepare me for my own foray
into this rapidly changing world
By J. Couzin-Frankel
1187
SLEEPING DOGS OF THE GENOME
Retrotransposable elements may be
agents of somatic diversity, disease,
and aging
By V. Gorbunova
et al.
INSIGHTS
BOOKS
ET AL.
1189
USING AND IMPROVING THE
SOCIAL COST OF CARBON
Regular, institutionalized updating
and review are essential
By W. Pizer
et al.
SCIENCE
PRIZE ESSAY
1172
MARS, MICROBES, AND
MASTODONS… OH MY!
1178
FROM YOU TO THE UNIVERSE—
AND EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN
PERSPECTIVES
1191
SIZE DOES MATTER
1180
HOW ICE SHELVES MELT
Warming of the water that flows
under Antarctic ice shelves is key
to their melting
By S. Gille
▶
REPORT P. 1227
Lysosome-based signaling machine
regulates cell growth
By L. Bar-Peled
LETTERS
1193
CONSERVING BRAZIL’S
ATLANTIC FORESTS
By R. Buckley and F. de Vasconcellos Pegas
1181
DEATH TO THE LOSERS
IN BRIEF
1158
Roundup of the week’s news
IN DEPTH
Cell competition is linked to innate
immunity mechanisms to eliminate
unwanted cells and maintain healthy
tissue
By G. Morata and L. Ballesteros-Arias
▶
RESEARCH ARTICLE P. 1199
1193
RESPONSE
By C. Banks-Leite
et al.
1193
ERRATA
1194
ONLINE BUZZ: HIGHER EDUCATION
1161
RESEARCHERS STRUGGLE
TO GAUGE RISKS OF CHILDHOOD
ANESTHESIA
Neurological warning signals in
animals drive push for new studies
and public outreach
By K. Servick
1183
CALCULATING THE PRESSURE
DEPENDENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A priori calculations can accurately
predict rates of methane formation
from radicals
By M. J. Pilling
▶
REPORT P. 1212
RESEARCH
IN BRIEF
1184
DRIVING THE EARTH MACHINE?
1162
SATELLITES TRACK HERITAGE
LOSS ACROSS SYRIA AND IRAQ
Vandalism, looting, and collateral
damage erase history
By A. Lawler
The region of the mantle directly below
the tectonic plates plays a key role in
mantle flow and volcanism
By D. L. Anderson and S. D. King
1195
From
Science
and other journals
REVIEW
1198
LUNAR GEOLOGY
The lunar dynamo
B. P. Weiss and S. M. Tikoo
REVIEW SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246753
1164
THE OLD MAN AND THE DISEASE
In Liberia’s Ebola outbreak, star
statistician Hans Rosling is facing
the intellectual challenge of a
lifetime
By K. Kupferschmidt
RESEARCH ARTICLES
1199
CELL COMPETITION
An ancient defense system eliminates
unfit cells from developing tissues
during cell competition
S. N. Meyer
et al.
1166
BRAZILIAN SCIENTISTS
PROTEST FUNDING BONANZA FOR
BRAIN CAMPUS
$100 million grant came as a surprise
to many
By E. Underwood
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
1181 & 1199
Published by AAAS
RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258236
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 1181
5 DECEMBER 2014 • VOL 346 ISSUE 6214
1151
CONTENTS
5 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 6 • I S S U E 6 2 1 4
1186 & 1215
A close-up look at the surface
of magnetite
1238
TRANSCRIPTION
Chromatin decondensation is sufficient
to alter nuclear organization in
embryonic stem cells
P. Therizols
et al.
1242
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
Time-resolved serial crystallography
captures high-resolution intermediates
of photoactive yellow protein
J. Tenboer
et al.
DEPARTMENTS
1155
EDITORIAL
The measure of research merit
By Marcia McNutt
1258
WORKING LIFE
Finally free
By Vincent F. Scalfani
1198
1200
PLANT GENETICS
Dominance hierarchy arising from
the evolution of a complex small RNA
regulatory network
E. Durand
et al.
REPORTS
1219
HUMAN CAPITAL
Summer jobs reduce violence among
disadvantaged youth
S. B. Heller
1258
ON THE COVER
An electric eel
(Electrophorus
electricus)
can generate
up to 600 volts using
modified muscles that
act as batteries. This
electrical weapon
allows the eel to
remotely activate the
muscles in nearby prey to cause either
involuntary movement or involuntary
immobility, depending on the eel’s needs.
See page 1231 for details and links to
movies that illustrate these findings.
Photo: © Kenneth Catania
Science
Staff .............................................1154
New Products ........................................... 1247
Science
Careers .......................................1248
1223
PALEOCLIMATE
1205
VALLEYTRONICS
Ultrafast generation of pseudo-magnetic
field for valley excitons in WSe
2
monolayers
J. Kim
et al.
Coherent changes of southeastern
equatorial and northern African rainfall
during the last deglaciation
B. L. Otto-Bliesner
et al.
1208
HEAVY FERMIONS
Two-dimensional Fermi surfaces
in Kondo insulator SmB
6
G. Li
et al.
1227
OCEANOGRAPHY
Multidecadal warming of Antarctic
waters
S. Schmidtko
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 1180
1212
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Predictive a priori pressure-dependent
kinetics
A. W. Jasper
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 1183
1231
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
The shocking predatory strike of the
electric eel
K. Catania
▶
PODCAST
1215
SURFACE STRUCTURE
IMAGE: (TOP LEFT) HERNÁN CAÑELLAS
Subsurface cation vacancy stabilization of
the magnetite (001) surface
R. Bliem
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 1186
1234
INFLAMMATION
Neutrophils scan for activated platelets
to initiate inflammation
V. Sreeramkumar
et al.
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1154
5 DECEMBER 2014 • VOL 346 ISSUE 6214
sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
Published by AAAS
E D I TORIAL
The measure of research merit
Marcia McNutt
Editor-in-Chief
Science
Journals
IMAGES: (INSET) VERALUBIMOVA/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM; (RIGHT) STACEY PENTLAND PHOTOGRAPHY
“It is time to remedy a
flawed bibliometric-based
assessment for young
scientists.”
– Marcia McNutt
10.1126/science.aaa3796
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
5 DECEMBER 2014 • VOL 346 ISSUE 6214
1155
Published by AAAS
Downloaded from
www.sciencemag.org
on December 5, 2014
E
ach year, $1.4 trillion are invested in research by
governments, foundations, and corporations. Hun-
dreds if not thousands of high-profile prizes and
medals are awarded to the best researchers, boost-
ing their careers. Therefore, establishing a reliable
predictor of future performance is a trillion-dollar
matter. Last month, the Alexander von Humboldt
Foundation convened an international assembly of lead-
ers in academia, research management, and policy to
discuss “Beyond Bibliometrics: Identifying the Best.”
Current assessment is largely based on counting publica-
tions, counting citations, taking note of the impact factor
of the journals where research-
ers publish, and derivatives
of these such as the h-index.
These approaches were severely
criticized for numerous reasons,
with shortcomings particularly
apparent when assessing young
scientists for prestigious, inter-
disciplinary awards. It is time
to develop more appropriate
measures and to use the scien-
tific method itself to help in this
endeavor.
The difficulty with assessing
young scientists is well known.
Their short career to date yields
a brief publication record, mak-
ing differences in the numbers
of publications between can-
didates statistically question-
able. Faced with the challenge
of gauging the worth of limited
publications, evaluators might
turn to journal impact factors.
Using this as a proxy for the im-
portance of a paper is just plain
wrong. As compared with a pa-
per published in a higher-impact journal, there is no as-
surance that a paper published in a lower-impact journal
is less important.
Citations are a better proxy for how much impact a
paper is having, but for young scientists and interdisci-
plinary awards, this metric also has several limitations.
For example, recent publications from young scientists
have not yet accumulated citations. Altmetrics have been
proposed as a possible solution: measuring downloads,
page views, tweets, and other social media attention to
published research. Analyses conducted by HighWire
Press, the publisher of
Science
and many other academic
journals, suggest that downloads of online papers poorly
track eventual citations. This could indicate that some
papers were found unworthy of being cited, or that some
papers were influential, but just not cited because the
author did not feel that the concept required a citation.
Adding more context in referencing could reduce some
ambiguity and encourage more appropriate referencing,
but such proposals have not gained traction. Counting
citations is also quantitatively inconsistent. If an author
publishes a better method or an improved estimate for
a physical parameter, other researchers who use those
improvements are obligated to cite that paper. On the
other hand, if a researcher pub-
lishes a novel idea, it can rapidly
move from unknown to common
knowledge such that its citation
lifetime is exceptionally brief.
Furthermore, citation counts
scale with the publications in
a field. The lowering of quality
barriers by some open-access
publishers has generated a cita-
tion explosion in some fields,
boosting citation counts by pub-
lishing papers that otherwise
might not have been published.
Consider a rather outrageous
proposal. Perhaps there has
been too much emphasis on bib-
liometric measures that either
distort the process or minimally
distinguish between qualified
candidates. What if, instead, we
assess young scientists accord-
ing to their willingness to take
risks, ability to work as part of a
diverse team, creativity in com-
plex problem-solving, and work
ethic? There may be other at-
tributes like these that separate the superstars from the
merely successful. It could be quite insightful to commis-
sion a retrospective analysis of former awardees with
some career track record since their awards, to improve
our understanding of what constitutes good selection cri-
teria. One could then ascertain whether those qualities
were apparent in their backgrounds when they were can-
didates for their awards.
It is time to remedy a flawed bibliometric-based
assessment for young scientists. After all, the future per-
formance of a trillion-dollar enterprise is at stake.

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