Motion Mountain - Christoph Schiller.pdf

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Christoph Schiller
M
OTION
M
OUNTAIN
A hike through and beyond space and time
following the concepts of modern physics
available at
www.motionmountain.net
Editio decima quinta.
Proprietas scriptoris Christophori Schiller
secundo anno Olympiadis vicesimae sextae
primo anno Olympiadis vicesimae octavae.
Omnia proprietatis jura reservantur et vindicantur.
Imitatio prohibita sine auctoris permissione.
Fifteenth revision, March 2004.
Copyright c 1997 – 2004 by Christoph Schiller,
from the second year of the 26th olympiad
to the first year of the 28th olympiad.
All rights reserved. Commercial reproduction,
distribution or use, in whole or in part, is not allowed
without the written consent of the copyright owner.
You are not allowed to charge money for anything
containing any part of this text; it was and remains
free for everybody.
To T.
ØÛ
ÑÓ
ÑÓÒ
Die Menschen st¨ rken, die Sachen kl¨ ren.
a
a
C
ONTENT
O
VERVIEW
1.
An appetiser
F
IRST
P
ART
: C
LASSICAL
P
HYSICS
H
OW
D
O
T
HINGS AND
I
MAGES
M
OVE
?
19
G
ALILEAN
M
OTION
C
HAPTER
I
2. Why should we care about motion?
3. Galilean physics – motion in everyday life
4. Global descriptions of classical motion – the simplicity of complexity
5. Limitations of Galilean physics – the errors of school physics
S
PECIAL
R
ELATIVITY
C
HAPTER
II
6. The speed of light and the observer at rest
C
HAPTER
III G
RAVITATION AND
R
ELATIVITY
7. Maximum force: a simple principle encompassing general relativity
8. The new ideas on space, time and gravity
9. Motion in general relativity – bent light and wobbling vacuum
10. Why can we see the stars? – Motion in the universe
11. Does space differ from time?
12. Black holes – falling forever
13. General relativity in ten points – a summary for the layman
C
HAPTER
IV C
LASSICAL
E
LECTRODYNAMICS
14. Liquid electricity and invisible fields
15. What is light?
16. Charges are discrete – the limits of classical electrodynamics
17. Electromagnetic effects and challenges
C
HAPTER
V
C
LASSICAL
P
HYSICS
IN A
24
24
35
136
203
212
212
275
275
292
309
342
375
381
393
408
408
438
458
460
494
499
N
UTSHELL
H
UMAN
C
ONDITION
I
NTERMEZZO
T
HE
B
RAIN
, L
ANGUAGE
AND THE
S
ECOND
P
ART
: Q
UANTUM
T
HEORY
W
HAT
I
S
M
ATTER
? W
HAT
A
RE
I
NTERACTIONS
?
C
HAPTER
VI Q
UANTA OF
L
IGHT AND
M
ATTER
18. An appetizer – quantum theory for poets and lawyers
19. Light – the strange consequences of the quantum of action
20. The motion of matter – the end of classical physics
21. Colours and other interactions between light and matter
C
HAPTER
VII P
ERMUTATION OF
P
ARTICLES
22. Are particles like condoms?
23. Rotations and statistics – visualising spin
569
569
581
597
612
626
626
635
4
A mountain hike along the concepts of modern physics
5
C
HAPTER
VIII D
ETAILS OF
Q
UANTUM
T
HEORY AND
E
LECTROMAGNETISM
24. Superpositions and probabilities – quantum theory without ideology
25. Applications of quantum mechanics – life, pleasure and the means to achieve them
26. Quantum electrodynamics – the origin of virtual reality
27. Quantum mechanics with gravitation – first approaches
C
HAPTER
IX I
NSIDE THE
N
UCLEUS
28. The structure of the nucleus – the densest clouds
29. The strong nuclear interaction
30. The weak nuclear interaction
31. The standard model of elementary particle physics – as seen on television
32. Grand unification – a simple dream
C
HAPTER
X
C
HAPTER
XI
A
DVANCED
Q
UANTUM
T
HEORY
(N
OT YET
A
VAILABLE
)
Q
UANTUM
P
HYSICS
IN A
646
646
668
693
704
728
728
747
759
762
763
768
769
784
N
UTSHELL
I
NTERMEZZO
B
ACTERIA
, F
LIES
AND
K
NOTS
T
HIRD
P
ART
: M
OTION
W
ITHOUT
M
OTION
W
HAT
A
RE
S
PACE
, T
IME AND
P
ARTICLES
?
C
HAPTER
XII G
ENERAL
R
ELATIVITY
V
ERSUS
Q
UANTUM
M
ECHANICS
33. Does matter differ from vacuum?
34. Nature at large scales – is the universe something or nothing?
35. The physics of sex – a summary of the first two and a half Parts
36. Maximum force and minimum distance: physics in limit statements
37. The shape of points
C
HAPTER
XIII M-
THEORY
(N
OT YET
A
VAILABLE
)
C
HAPTER
XIV T
HE
T
OP
OF THE
806
808
839
862
873
891
921
922
M
OUNTAIN
(N
OT
YET
A
VAILABLE
)
F
OURTH
P
ART
:
A
PPENDIX
A
A
PPENDIX
B
A
PPENDIX
C
A
PPENDIX
D
A
PPENDIX
E
A
PPENDIX
F
A
PPENDIX
G
A
PPENDIX
H
A
PPENDIX
I
N
OTATION
C
ONVENTIONS
AND
A
PPENDICES
924
935
953
970
AND
U
NITS
, M
EASUREMENTS
P
ARTICLE
P
ROPERTIES
N
UMBERS
AND
C
ONSTANTS
S
PACES
ON
I
NFORMATION
S
OURCES
C
HALLENGE
H
INTS
L
IST
L
IST
OF
OF
AND
M
OTION
995
1001
1038
1048
1051
S
OLUTIONS
F
IGURES
T
ABLES
AND
S
UBJECT
N
AME
I
NDEX
Motion Mountain
www.motionmountain.net
Copyright c Christoph Schiller November 1997 – March 2004

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