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Functional Thinking

If you’re familiar with functional programming basics and want to gain a

much deeper understanding, this in-depth guide takes you beyond syntax

and demonstrates how you need to think in a new way. Software architect

Neal Ford shows intermediate to advanced developers how functional

coding allows you to step back a level of abstraction so you can see your

programming problem with greater clarity.

Each chapter shows you various examples of functional thinking, using

numerous code examples from Java 8 and other JVM languages that include

functional capabilities. This book may bend your mind, but you’ll come away

with a much better grasp of functional programming concepts.

■

This is a very important

“

book and I can’t imagine

anyone who is more

capable of writing it

than Neal.

President, Agile Developer, Inc.

—Venkat Subramaniam

”

Understand why many imperative languages are adding

functional capabilities

Compare functional and imperative solutions to common

problems

Examine ways to cede control of routine chores to the runtime

Learn how memoization and laziness eliminate hand-crafted

solutions

Explore functional approaches to design patterns and code

reuse

View real-world examples of functional thinking with Java 8,

and in functional architectures and web frameworks

Learn the pros and cons of living in a paradigmatically richer

world

■

If you’re new to functional programming, check out Josh Backfield’s book

Becoming Functional.

Neal Ford

is a director, architect, and meme wrangler at ThoughtWorks, a global

IT consultancy. Proficient in a variety of languages, his primary consulting focus

is the design, construction, and engineering practices of large-scale enterprise

applications.

SOF T WARE ENGINEERING

Twitter: @oreillymedia

facebook.com/oreilly

US $39.99

CAN $41.99

ISBN: 978-1-449-36551-6

Functional Thinking

Neal Ford

Functional Thinking

by Neal Ford

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are

also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/

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Editors:

Mike Loukides and Meghan Blanchette

Production Editor:

Kristen Brown

Copyeditor:

Eileen Cohen

Proofreader:

Jasmine Kwityn

July 2014:

First Edition

Indexer:

Judith McConville

Cover Designer:

Karen Montgomery

Interior Designer:

David Futato

Illustrator:

Rebecca Demarest

Revision History for the First Edition:

2014-06-26:

First release

See

http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449365516

for release details.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly

Media, Inc.

Functional Thinking,

the image of a thick-tailed greater galago, and related trade dress are

trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as

trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark

claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no

responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained

herein.

ISBN: 978-1-449-36551-6

[LSI]

Table of Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1. Why. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Shifting Paradigms

Aligning with Language Trends

Ceding Control to the Language/Runtime

Concision

2. Shift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

A Common Example

Imperative Processing

Functional Processing

Case Study: Number Classification

Imperative Number Classification

Slightly More Functional Number Classification

Java 8 Number Classifier

Functional Java Number Classifier

Common Building Blocks

Filter

Map

Fold/Reduce

Synonym Suffering

Filter

Map

Fold/Reduce

Iteration to Higher-Order Functions

Closures

3. Cede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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