01181 - Review of Particle Physics 2006 (Particle Data Group).pdf

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REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS*
Particle Data Group
Abstract
This biennial
Review
summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2633 new
measurements from 689 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks,
mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos,
and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also
give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors,
probability, and statistics. Among the 110 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on
CKM quark-mixing matrix,
V
ud
&
V
us
,
V
cb
&
V
ub
, top quark, muon anomalous magnetic moment, extra dimensions,
particle detectors, cosmic background radiation, dark matter, cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.
A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of
this full
Review.
All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website:
http://pdg.lbl.gov.
c 2006 Regents of the University of California
publication of the
Review of Particle Physics
is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics,
the Division of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE–AC02–05CH11231; by the U.S. National Science
Foundation under Agreement No. PHY-0355084; by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN); by an implementing arrangement
between the governments of Japan (MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States (DOE) on
cooperative research and development; and by the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN).
∗
The
2
Particle Data Group
Authors of listings and reviews:
W.-M. Yao,
1
C. Amsler,
2
D. Asner,
3
R.M. Barnett,
1
J. Beringer,
1
P.R. Burchat,
4
C.D. Carone,
5
C. Caso,
6
O. Dahl,
1
G. D’Ambrosio,
7
A. De Gouvea,
8
M. Doser,
9
S. Eidelman,
10
J.L. Feng,
11
T. Gherghetta,
12
M. Goodman,
13
C. Grab,
14
D.E. Groom,
1
A. Gurtu,
15,9
K. Hagiwara,
16
K.G. Hayes,
17
J.J. Hern´ndez-Rey,
18†
K. Hikasa,
19
H. Jawahery,
20
C. Kolda,
21
a
22
M.L. Mangano,
9
A.V. Manohar,
23
A. Masoni,
24
R. Miquel,
1
K. M¨nig,
25
H. Murayama,
1,26
K. Nakamura,
16
Y. Kwon,
o
27†
K.A. Olive,
12
L. Pape,
14
C. Patrignani,
6
A. Piepke,
28
G. Punzi,
29
G. Raffelt,
30
J.G. Smith,
31
M. Tanabashi,
19
S. Navas,
J. Terning,
32
N.A. T¨rnqvist,
33
T.G. Trippe,
1
P. Vogel,
34
T. Watari,
1
C.G. Wohl,
1
R.L. Workman,
35
P.A. Zyla
1
o
Technical Associates:
B. Armstrong,
1
G. Harper,
1
V.S. Lugovsky,
36
P. Schaffner
1
Authors of reviews:
M. Artuso,
37
K.S. Babu,
38
H.R. Band,
39
E. Barberio,
40
M. Battaglia,
26
H. Bichsel,
41
O. Biebel,
42
P. Bloch,
9
E. Blucher,
43
R.N. Cahn,
1
D. Casper,
11
A. Cattai,
9
A. Ceccucci,
9
D. Chakraborty,
44
R.S. Chivukula,
45
G. Cowan,
46
T. Damour,
47
T. DeGrand,
31
K. Desler,
48
M.A. Dobbs,
49
M. Drees,
50
A. Edwards,
4
D.A. Edwards,
48
V.D. Elvira,
51
J. Erler,
52
V.V. Ezhela,
36
W. Fetscher,
14
B.D. Fields,
53
B. Foster,
54
D. Froidevaux,
9
T.K. Gaisser,
55
L. Garren,
51
H.-J. Gerber,
14
G. Gerbier,
56
L. Gibbons,
57
F.J. Gilman,
58
G.F. Giudice,
9
A.V. Gritsan,
59
M. Gr¨newald,
60
H.E. Haber,
61
C. Hagmann,
62
I. Hinchliffe,
1
u
A. H¨cker,
9
P. Igo-Kemenes,
63
J.D. Jackson,
1
K.F. Johnson,
64
D. Karlen,
65
B. Kayser,
51
D. Kirkby,
11
S.R. Klein,
66
o
K. Kleinknecht,
67
I.G. Knowles,
68
R.V. Kowalewski,
65
P. Kreitz,
69
B. Krusche,
70
Yu.V. Kuyanov,
36
O. Lahav,
71
P. Langacker,
72
A. Liddle,
73
Z. Ligeti,
1
T.M. Liss,
74
L. Littenberg,
75
J.C. Liu,
69
K.S. Lugovsky,
36
S.B. Lugovsky,
36
T. Mannel,
76
D.M. Manley,
77
W.J. Marciano,
75
A.D. Martin,
78
D. Milstead,
79
M. Narain,
80
P. Nason,
81
Y. Nir,
82
J.A. Peacock,
68
S.A. Prell,
83
A. Quadt,
50,84,30
S. Raby,
85
B.N. Ratcliff,
69
E.A. Razuvaev,
36
B. Renk,
67
P. Richardson,
78
S. Roesler,
9
G. Rolandi,
9
M.T. Ronan,
1
L.J. Rosenberg,
86
C.T. Sachrajda,
87
Y. Sakai,
16
S. Sarkar,
88
M. Schmitt,
8
O. Schneider,
89
D. Scott,
90
T. Sj¨strand,
91
G.F. Smoot,
1
P. Sokolsky,
92
o
69
H. Spieler,
1
A. Stahl,
93
T. Stanev,
55
R.E. Streitmatter,
94
T. Sumiyoshi,
95
N.P. Tkachenko,
36
G.H. Trilling,
1
S. Spanier,
G. Valencia,
83
K. van Bibber,
62
M.G. Vincter,
3
D.R. Ward,
96
B.R. Webber,
96
J.D. Wells,
97
M. Whalley,
78
L. Wolfenstein,
58
J. Womersley,
98
C.L. Woody,
75
A. Yamamoto,
16
O.V. Zenin,
36
J. Zhang,
99
R.-Y. Zhu
100
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†
Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Institute of Physics, University of Z¨rich, CH-8057 Z¨rich, Switzerland
u
u
Department of Physics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Nuclear and Particle Theory Group, Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
Dipartimento di Fisica e INFN, Universit` di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
a
INFN - Sezione di Napoli (and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Univ. di Napoli “Federico II,”) Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo,
Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Gen`ve 23, Switzerland
e
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, RU-630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4576, USA
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439-4815, USA
Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Z¨rich, CH-8093 Z¨rich, Switzerland
u
u
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (Bombay) 400 005, India
KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0801, Japan
Department of Physics, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA
IFIC — Instituto de F´sica Corpuscular, Universitat de Val`ncia — C.S.I.C., E-46071 Valencia, Spain
ı
e
Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
University of Maryland, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA
Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, 225 Niewland Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
Yonsei University, Department of Physics, 134 Sinchon-dong, Sudaemoon-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
INFN Sezione di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria de Monserrato, Casella postale 170, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
DESY-Zeuthen, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Dpto. de F´
ısica Te´rica y del Cosmos & C.A.F.P.E., Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
o
Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Alabama, 206 Gallalee Hall, Box 870324, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0324, USA
INFN and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita’ di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
Max-Planck-Institut f¨r Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), F¨hringer Ring 6, D-80805 M¨nchen, Germany
u
o
u
Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64 FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
J.J. Hern´ndez-Rey and S. Navas acknowledge support from MCYT, Spain (FPA2002-12065-E).
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California Institute of Technology, Kellogg Radiation Laboratory 106-38, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Department of Physics, George Washington University Virginia Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147-2604, USA
COMPAS Group, Institute for High Energy Physics, RU-142284, Protvino, Russia
Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244-1130, USA
Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
University of Melbourne, School of Physics, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Physics/Astronomy Bldg., Stevens Way, POB 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580, USA
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨t, Department f¨r Physik, Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 M¨nchen, Germany
a
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u
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1433, USA
Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115
Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, MI 48824-2320, USA
Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 85 Notkestraße, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
Dept. of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue Universit´, Montr´al, Canada H3A 2T8
e
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Universit¨t Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, DE-53115 Bonn, Germany
a
Fermilab, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
Instituto de F´
ısica, Universidad Nacional Aut´noma de M´xico, Apartado Postal 20-364, 01000 M´xico D.F., M´xico
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Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Denys Wilkinson Building, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
CEA/Saclay, B.P.2, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
Newman Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5001, USA
Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
UCD School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
Physikalisches Institut, Universit¨t Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
a
Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Institut f¨r Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universit¨t Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
u
a
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Scotland, UK
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, P.O. box 4349, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
Institute of Physics, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
University of Sussex, Astronomy Centre, Falmer Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
University Siegen, Fachbereich fur Physik, Siegen, Germany
Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Fysikum, Stockholms Universitet, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
Boston University, Department of Physics, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
INFN Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
Weizmann Institue of Science, Department of Particle Physics, P.O. Box 26 Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
University of Rochester / NY, River Campus/Physics & Astronomy, Bausch & Lomb Bldg., Rochester, NY 14627
Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Department of Physics and Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK
Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
Ecole Polytechnique F´d´rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
e e
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Department of Theoretical Physics, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
III. Physikalisches Institut, Physikzentrum, RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
Code 661, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771
High Energy Accel. Res. Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0801, JAPAN
Cavendish Laboratory, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, Physics Dept., 2477 Randall Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1120, USA
CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, P.R. CHINA
California Institute of Technology, Physics Department, 256-48, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Highlights of the 2006 edition of the Review of Particle Physics
5
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 2006 EDITION OF THE REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
•
689 new papers with 2633 new measurements.
•
Complete rearrangement of the neutrino list-
ings, including a neutrino mixing section that
now contains measurements of the mixing an-
gles and mass differences in the three-neutrino
framework.
•
Latest from
B-meson
physics: 186 papers with
780 measurements:
CP
violation, mixing,
polarization in
B
decays, determination of
V
cb
,
and
V
ub
etc.
•
Latest high precision
K
L
branching ratios and
CP
violation amplitudes.
•
Major improvements in
K
3
form factors data
and review.
•
Many new results in the sections on strongly-
decaying mesons: 140 papers with 717 mea-
surements.
•
110 reviews (most are revised or new).
•
New review on the “CKM quark-mixing ma-
trix”.
•
New reviews on “Determination of
V
cb
,
V
ub
,”
and “V
ud
,
V
us
, Cabibbo angle and CKM
unitarity.”
•
New review on muon anomalous magnetic
moment (g-2).
•
New review of extra-dimensions.
•
Updated astroparticle physics reviews includ-
ing WMAP3 results.
•
Major update of the top quark review.
•
Revised “Quark Model” review with new
section on lattice QCD.
•
New and revised sections in Particle Detec-
tors review, especially on photodetectors and
collider superconducting magnets.
COLOR VERSIONS OF MANY FIGURES AVAILABLE AT END OF BOOK.

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