02 English Grammar - Verbs - 03 Modal Verbs_PDF.pdf

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VERBS (2)
Modal Verbs (03)
Modal Verbs: in context
2 min
What are modal verbs?
She
can
swim.
He
should
go to the doctor.
Modal verbs are a small group of verbs, which are very different from normal
verbs.
Common Modal Verbs and their Particularities
28 min
Which verbs are common modal verbs?
Can, could, may, might, should, must, shall, will, would
How are modal verbs different from other verbs?
- They do not take “s” in the third person: he can, she must, it could
- They use “not” in the negative form: they may not, we should not
- They cannot be used in the past or in the future tenses
- There is no “to” after them: I can do, you must see
Which modal verb do we use and when?
Modal Verb
Can
Use
Capacity
Permission/request
Capacity in the past (past of „can‟)
Polite permission/request
Could
Suggestion
Possibility, low probability or one
possibility of many
Polite permission/request
May
Might
Should
Must
Possibility, more probable than
„could‟
Same as „may‟
Advice
Rational probability
Obligation, necessity
Very high probability
Example
I
can
drive.
Can
I use your phone please?
I
could
not see him.
Could
I use your phone please?
We
could
go to the new restaurant.
It
could
rain today.
She
could
be at home.
May
I use your phone please?
It
may
rain today.
She
may
be at home.
It
might
rain today.
She
might
be at home.
He
should
go to the doctor.
He
should
be fine.
You
must
go to school.
She
must
be at home.
Obligation in legal documents
Shall
Suggestions
Future tense, rare, British
A voluntary action
Will
A promise
A prediction
Conditional
Would
Past of „will‟
Repetition in the past
The defendant
shall
pay a fine of
$200.
Shall
we begin?
Thou
shall
not kill.
I
will
make dinner.
I
will
call you at 4 pm.
The summer
will
be very hot.
If I had time, I
would
travel more.
He said he
would
come.
When I lived in Paris, I
would
always go to the Champs Elysees.
Some of these common modal verbs have synonyms we often use.
Examples:
must = have to, need to
she
must
leave = she
has to
live = she
needs to
leave
should = ought to
he
should
speak to his boss = he
ought to
speak to his boss
When we speak, we use contractions with some of the modal verbs in the negative
form.
Examples:
can't = cannot = can not
couldn‟t = could not
shouldn‟t = should not
mustn‟t = must not
won‟t = will not
wouldn‟t = would not
How can we use modal verbs in the past?
We can:
Use a synonym in the past: to be able to,
to be allowed to, to have to, to need to
You
can
go
You
were able to
go
You
may
go
You
were allowed to
go
You
must
go
You
had to
go / You
needed
to
go
Use a modal verb that expresses the past:
could (past of „can‟), would (past of „will‟)
Use „modal verb + have + past participle‟
I
could not
go
I thought I
would
go
He could have gone
He may have gone
He might have gone
He should have gone
He must have gone
He would have gone
How can we use modal verbs in the future?
We can:
Use a synonym in the future: to be able to,
to be allowed to, to have to, to need to
You
can
go
You
will be able to
go
You
may
go
You
will be allowed to
go
You
must
go
You
will have to
go / You
will need to
go
Use a modal verb with an indication of
future
We
can/could/may/might/should/must
go
tomorrow
Writing Exercise
5 min
Complete the sentences with one of the two choices.
1. You really ___________ watch tv this much. (shall / shouldn‟t)
2. She ___________ be at work, she always works at this time. (must / could)
3. Speak up, I ___________ hear you! (can‟t / couldn‟t)
4. I ___________ hear a word he said. (can‟t / couldn‟t)
5. Andrew ___________ call his wife urgently. (must / shouldn‟t)
6. Thank you for calling Zee Company, how ___________ I help you? (can‟t / may)
7. If I go to New York, I ___________ see the Statue of Liberty. (will / would)
8. If I went to New York, I ___________ see the Statue of Liberty. (will / would)
9. It ___________ happen, but it is very unlikely. (shall / could)
10. Emma ___________ go out tonight, her parents said no. (can‟t / may)
Writing Exercise
5 min
Match the two columns to identify the use of each modal verb.
1. Abe should call Lyla soon after their first date.
2. Lyla should be happy to get his call.
3. Abe calls but she doesn‟t pick up, she must be working.
4. No problem, he can call her back later.
5. Later he tells her they could go out to dinner again.
6. She says she may be available Friday.
7. Abe asks if he can call her back Friday morning.
8. She says she could be in a meeting, the afternoon is
better.
9. Friday afternoon, Abe asks: May I pick you up at 6 pm?
10. He must be on time to make a good impression.
i. capacity
j. suggestion
a. obligation
b. possibility
c. low probability
d. rational probability
e. certainty
f. polite request
g. permission
h. advice

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