Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia pt 1-2 by John Burton Cleland MD with Illustrations (1934-1935).pdf

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OUTH
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© The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee,
Adelaide, South Australia
administered by the
Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium,
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State Herbarium of South Australia
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TOADSTOOLS AND
MUSHROOMS
AND
OTHER LARGER FUNGI
OF SOUTH AUST ALIA
I
Parts I and 11 1934-1935
By
JOHN BURTON CLELAND, M.D.
Price $5.50
HANDBOOKS COMMITTEE
Professor W. P. ROGERS, M.Se., Ph.D., D.Se.,
F.A.A.
(Chairman)
S. BARKER, B.Se., M.Se., Ph.D.
W. G. INGLIS, Ph.D., D.Se.
A. B. lAMES (Government Printer)
J.
K. LING, M.Se., Ph.D.
N. H. LUDBROOK, M.A., Ph.D., DJ.C., F.G.S.
(Editor)
Professor P. G. MARTIN, Ph.D.
R. V. SOUTHCOTT, D.Se., M.D., D.T.M.
&
H.
D. E. SY1\.10N, B.Agr.Se..
P. M. THOMAS, M.Se. (Secretary)
Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia, issued by
the Handbooks Committee" on behalf of the South Australian
Government and published by favour of the Honourable the
Premier (D. A. Dunstan, Q.C., M.P.).
TOADSTOO,LS AND
MUSHROOMS
AND
OTHE'R LARG'ER FUNGI
OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Parts I and 11
1934-1935
By
JOHN BURTON CLELAND, M.D.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
COPYRIGHT
Photolitho Reprint
Wholly set
up
and printed in Australia by
A. B. JAMES) Government Printer) South Australia
1976
FOREWORD
Cleland's "Toadstools and Mushroorris" is not primarily addressed to the
amateur naturalist but is the .first scientific work of its kind in Australia. It is
this that makes it important. The classification that Cleland adopted, the names
he used, and the specimens that he collected and preserved, will always have to
be considered. in any subsequent work on the larger fungi of Australia.
Taxonomy tries to correct the errors and build on the triumphs of previous
workers and in this sense a taxonomic book may be outdated and yet timeless.
This is perhaps the main reason for reprinting Cleland's book forty years after
it was written, a time in which there have been profound changes in the
taxonomy of mushrooms and toadstools. This period has seen changes in the
concepts
.of
genera and species, in classification and in nomenclature. It has
seen far greater emphasis put on microscopic characters and chemical tests
for the purpose of classification, and less on variable macroscopic features such
as the colour and size of specimens. It is not surprising, therefore, that
Cleland's book needs complete. revision despite the fact that' it was a considerable
achievement involving .a prodigious amount of field collecting, laboratory
examination and description. .As' yet there has been no-one with the knowledge
and energy to tackle this work of revision in its entirety. Some of Cleland's
herbarium specimens have been worked over by a few Australian and overseas
mycologists but they represent a small fraction of the total.
It is not out of place hete to say that the task of revising Cleland's
collections will be immense, for a variety of reasons. There are something
like 16 000 specimens' in his herbarium. Many specimens are incomplete and
ruinously mixed with soil or other debris. They were inadequately preserved
and many have suffered from mould or insect attack. On the other hand,
most
specimens are accompanied by quite full descriptions made at the time of
collection or shortly afterwards; and the microscopic measurements are accurate.
Such notes, however, cannot take the 'place of a good specimen. Typification
of the names of species
proposed
by Cleland isa difficult problem. No types
were nominated in his publications but occasionally his herbarium packets are
labelled "type" or "cotype". Sometimes. more than one packet of a species is
labelled "type". While "type" probably indicates the holotype, it is impossible
to know in what sense "cotype" was used. If there is no indication of this
sort, the procedure I have generally adopted when requested for loans of
Cleland's types is to send specimens tallying with the localities and dates
mentioned in his book, so that the reviser may nominate a lectotype.
It is obvious that a great amount of work still needs to be done on the
larger fungi of Australia, and it is to be hoped that the reprinting' of Cleland's
book will be a stimulus to workers in this field of mycology.
P. H. B. Talbot,
Reader in Mycology, The University of Adelaide

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