History- Mesopotamia - William W.Hallo,William Kelly Simpson.pdf

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THEANCIENTNEAR
EAST
A
Histo
y
Second Edition
William W.
Hall0
William
Kelly Simpson
Yale University
I
I
Harcourt
Brace College
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Dedicated to the memory of
Edith Sylvia Hal10
(1928- 1994)
and
Marilyn Milton Simpson
(193 1
-
1981)
Cover image
O
Takashi Katahira~Tony
Stone Images
ISBN:
0-15-503819-2
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:
97-72038
Copyright
O
1998, 1971
by Harcourt Brace
&
Company
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Copyright acknowledgments appear on page
314
and constitute a continuation of this page.
Printed in the United States of America
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TO
THE
FIRSTEDITION
This new history of the ancient Near East meets an insistent demand. Although
many books are published annually in the general field of "Biblical archeology,"
the political and cultural development of preclassical antiquity has not been sur-
veyed in English by specialists
in
the field since the days of Breasted and
Olm-
stead. This omission is now being remedied by a number of collaborative
efforts, among which pride of place unquestionably belongs to the revised edi-
tion of the
Cambridge
Ancient Histoy.
We urge the reader to refer to its fasci-
cles as these are published; they supply a wealth of detail not attempted here.
Such joint ventures, however, lack a
unity
of viewpoint that the material itself
justses and even requires.
A
measure of
unity
informs the grand themes under-
lying the vast panorama of ancient Near Eastern history; a common rhythm of
successive crests and troughs punctuates historical development throughout
western Asia and Egypt. The twin disciplines of Assyriology and Egyptology s u p
ply the essential tools for reconstructing such patterns. They have developed
along very separate lines in the last several decades, but we have attempted to
overcome their regrettable isolation from one another and to identify the major
links between events and trends at both ends of the "Fertile Crescent."
An
inherent limitation of our approach is its relative emphasis on Meso-
potamia and Egypt at the expense of other parts of the Near East. This is not to
deny the importance of those parts. Rather, it is here suggested that their histor-
ical development was not so fundamentally distinct from that of the high civi-
lizations; the latter, abundantly attested in cuneiform and hieroglyphic, can thus
serve
as
a paradigm for the more sporadically documented areas.
In
relying heavily on the native textual sources-and, to a lesser extent, on
the art and artifacts-as these have escaped destruction or survived internment
over the ages, the historian faces a problem of communication. The ancient
sources he confronts cry out to be heard, but their language differs from his,
not just linguistically but
in
more profound ways. He must strive to understand
not only their literal words but also the truths, often hidden in metaphors, that
they have to convey. Thus he must approach them without condescension,
treating their enigmas as symptoms of his own failure to grasp their true sense.
Our essay, then, is an attempt to write ancient history by taking the ancient doc-
uments seriously without necessarily taking them literally. It is not only a his
tory but a commentary on ancient history and historiography.
VI
Preface
to
the
First
Edition
For older scholars, a project such as this might represent the summing up
of a lifetime of reading and teaching. For us, it has meant the opening up of
new vistas, insights, and relationships. Where new hypotheses seemed to re-
quire further testing, they have been left for treatment in the usual scholarly
outlets. Where, however, they appeared self-evident or adequately demon-
strated, they have been incorporated in the text. We have thus sought to ap-
proach a famous pedagogic ideal: to set forth matters so lucidly that the pupil
may understand them, yet so profoundly that the scholar may learn from them.
Mr. Curtiss
R.
Hoffman was helpful in the preparation of the maps and
charts for Part
1.
Mrs. Susan Weeks was responsible for redrawing the line cuts
in
Part
2.
We also wish to express our thanks to John
A.
Brinkman of the Uni-
versity of Chicago and to Richard
A.
Parker of Brown University, whose critical
readings of the manuscript stimulated us to reconsider many debatable points.
They are, of course, in no way responsible for the finished version.
William W. Hallo
William Kelly Simpson
EDITION
TO THE
SECOND
In a field moving as fast as that covered by this book, a new edition after moreIn
a field moving as fast as that covered by this book, a new edition after more
than two decades hardly requires elaborate justification. True, the interim has
seen the appearance of a number of other histories of comparable scope; these
are duly listed at the beginning of the bibliography. But our history quickly
achieved some kind of standard status, and has been described as striking a
happy medium between the extremes of under- and overdocumentation that
are represented by some of the alternative presentations.1 It also differs from
many other syntheses in its approach to the evidence.
In
an age of increasing
skepticism, we hold fast to a middle position that treats the ancient sources crit-
ically, but respectfully.2 We remain mindful of two axioms formulated by
Egyp-
tologists but equally valid for Assyriologists in dealing with ancient documents:
on the one hand, to "use their statements, in the absence of conflicting testi-
mony, as the best available evidence with regard to the periods of history to
which they relate,"3on the other to avoid "the persistent error of confusing no
evidence
with
contrary evidence. Time and again it must be stressed that ab-
sence of evidence is
not
evidence of absence, or of error."4
This edition is a revision of the first edition, not an attempt to rewrite it
from first to last. To the best of our ability, we have taken account of the re-
views of the first edition, and of some of the vast literature that has appeared in
the interim. We have amended our positions where we had to, and held fast to
them where we could, beginning
with
our title; we remain convinced of the
un-
derlying unity of the "Ancient Near ~ a s t . The preparation of this edition has
"~
benefited from a reading of the text by Marc Van De Mieroop, and from the edi-
torial assistance of Drake Bush. The maps and charts have been revised with the
help of Sue Lister.
William
W.
Hallo
'~uris
Zarins,
Journal of the American Oriental Society
112
(1992),
72.
2 ~ i l l i a m Hallo, "The limits of skepticism,"
W.
Journal of the American Oriental Society
110
(1990), 187-199.
3 ~
H.
Gardiier,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1
(1914),
36;
quoted by Barbara Bell,
American
.
Journal of Archaeology
75
(1971),
8 .
*K.
A.
Kitchen,
Biblical Archaeologist
54/2
(1991),
119.
5 ~ o a dissenting view, see John F. Robertson, "Onprofitseeking, market orientations,
and
mental-
r
ity
in
the 'AncientNear East',"
Journal of the American Oriental Society
113
(1993),
437-443.
PREFACE
VIII
I'rcfi~cc
to
the Second
Edition
Thc
Egyptl:~n
section of this history is an introduction to ancient Egypt from
Itn hlntorlcd beginnings just before Dynasty 1 to the end of the dynastic period
after
thc
last dynasty, Dynasty 31, with the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the
Grctat
in
332 BC. Thus, the predynastic periods and the later Ptolemaic and
Ro-
man eras lie outside the scope of this presentation, which is essentially a
chronological account of political developments. The prehistory of the Near
East is treated in Chapter I. Our account is not primarily concerned with the
economy, literature, religion, art, and architecture, medicine, technology, or
any of the other significant aspects of this amazing civilization. Many of these a s
pects, of course, enter into our discussion.
In the footnotes and short bibliography, monographs and articles in English
predominate, but not infrequently contributions in French or German are in-
cluded. Even though the reader of this introductory outline may not be fluent in
French and German, the contributions can be of use for bibliography, illustra-
tions, and charts. In the context of a history of the Ancient Near East, emphasis
has been placed on Egypt's relations with her neighbors to the east, but her
neighbors also included the Sudan to the south, Libya to the west, and the
Mediterranean world to the north.
I
It may seem that our sources have long been with us, and that new discov-
eries are rare and do not add appreciably to our basic understanding. This is not
at all the case! Note the number of monographs and articles cited since 1990.
The great Kamose stela was discovered in 1954 as were the boat graves of
Cheops. The rediscovery of the incompletely known Memphite tomb of King
Horemheb, the tomb constructed while he was the
army
commander under
Tutankhamen before he became king, occurred in 1975. The annals stone of
Amenemhet I1 was unearthed in 1974 and only published in some detail with
translation and commentary in 1992. The great cache of statuary under the
court of the Luxor Temple came to light in late January 1989.
Minoan-type frescoes were found at Avaris
in
1989. The satellite pyramid
for the Cheops pyramid was located as recently as 1992. The tomb of the sons
of Ramses I1 in the Valley of the Kings was rediscovered and its extent and plan
only became apparent in 1995. Similarly, major advances have been made in the
understanding of Egyptian thought and philosophy, among which the contribu-
tions of Jan Assmann and Erik Hornung, among many, may be singled out. In al-
most every area of Egyptological studies, advances are constantly being made.
The first issue of the
Annual Egyptological Bibliography
(1947) listed 337
books and articles, while 46 years later the most recent issue (1993) listed
1,048.
William Kelly Simpson
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
v
vii
Mesopotamia and the Asiatic Near East
Chapter
I
THENEAR
EAST
TO THE
END
OF THE STONE AGE
[I] Introduction: The First Half of History 3
[2] Ages of the Earth and Ages of Man 5
[3] The Near East in the Paleolithic Age 7
[4] The Neolithic Revolution 9
[5] Ceramics and Prehistory: The Chalcolithic Age
[6] Ethnology and the Dawn of History 20
1
3
14
Chapter
II
[I] The Urban Revolution: Jemdet Nasr,
ca.
3100-2900
BC
25
[2] The Golden Age: Early Dynastic I,
ca.
2900-2700
BC
32
[3] The Heroic Age: Early Dynastic 11,
ca.
2700-2500
BC
39
[4] The Dynastic Age: Early Dynastic 111,
ca.
2500-2300
BC
44
[5] Sargon and the Rise of Akkad,
ca.
2300-2230
BC
51
[6] Naram-Sin and the Fall of Akkad,
ca.
2230-2100
BC
57
Chapter 1 1
1
THE
M I D D L E
BRONZE
AGE,
CA.
2
1 0 0 - 1
600
B C
67
[I] Amorites, Patriarchs, and the Westland 67
[2] The Neo-Sumerian Renaissance: Ur 111,
ca.
2100-2000
B c
72
[3] The Fall of Ur and the Rise of Isin: EOB (Early Old Babylonian),
ca.
2000-1900
BC
80
[4] Caravaneers and Conquerors of the Northland,
ca.
1900- 1800
BC
[5] The Age of Harnrnurapi,
ca.
1800-1600
BC
92
87

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