Science - August 22 2014.pdf

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CONTENTS
2 2 AU G U S T 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 5 • I S S U E 6 1 9 9
8
875 & 933
An
nucleus controls its own
de
d
destruction
NEWS
IN BRIEF
881
JOEP LANGE (1954–2014)
A leader in developing therapy for
AIDS is tragically killed
By J. Goudsmit
BOOKS
ET AL.
856
Roundup of the week’s news
IN DEPTH
882
MORALITY FOR HUMANS
By M. Johnson, reviewed by L. Beldo
859
STUDY EXPOSES CHINESE
CENSORS’ DEEPEST FEARS
The power of the masses proves
most unnerving
By M. Hvistendahl
▶
RESEARCH ARTICLE P. 891
883
THE ENTREPRENEURIAL STATE
878 & 929
871
A PHOTON STEERS A PHOTON
WITH AN ATOM
Nonlinear optics with single quanta
of light and matter becomes reality
By G. Rempe
▶
REPORT P. 903
By M. Mazzucato, reviewed by D. Consoli
LETTERS
884
FAUNA IN DECLINE:
PLIGHT OF THE PANGOLIN
By Y. Liu and Q. Weng
860
IS ATLANTIC HOLDING EARTH’S
MISSING HEAT?
New leads in the hunt to explain the
global warming hiatus
By E. Kintisch
▶
RESEARCH ARTICLE P. 897
884
FAUNA IN DECLINE:
FIRST DO NO HARM
By A. Ricciardi and D. Simberloff
861
A ONE-TWO PUNCH AGAINST POLIO
Injected vaccine promises a boost
for eradication
By L. Roberts
▶
REPORT P. 922
872
GLACIER RETREAT CROSSES A LINE
Mountain glacier loss since the 1970s has
mostly been caused by human influences
on climate change
By S. Marshall
▶
REPORT P. 919
885
FAUNA IN DECLINE:
GLOBAL ASSESSMENTS
By H. Mooney and H. Tallis
862
WHEELS WHEN YOU NEED THEM
Can special algorithms help keep shared
bicycles rolling?
By C. Wald
885
AILING ACADEMIA NEEDS CULTURE
CHANGE
By V. Callier and N. L. Vanderford
873
BOOSTING GDP GROWTH BY
ACCOUNTING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Including air pollution and greenhouse
gas damages increases estimated U.S.
growth
By N. Z. Muller
864
WOLVES COOPERATE BUT DOGS
SUBMIT, STUDY SUGGESTS
Dependence may have driven initial
dog domestication
By V. Morell
FEATURE
885
LET MINORITY-SERVING
INSTITUTIONS LEAD
By F. Jackson
et al.
875
MAKING PHLOEM—A NEAR-DEATH
EXPERIENCE
How to get rid of the phloem cell
nucleus to make a root-to-shoot tip
transport system
By N. Geldner
▶
REPORT P. 933
DEPARTMENTS
855
EDITORIAL
A swan in the making
By Timothy Gardner
865
THE CANCER DRUG THAT
ALMOST WASN’T
A neglected compound that blocks cell
division stirs excitement
By K. Garber
974
WORKING LIFE
Playing a new tune
By Jim Austin
876
RIBOSWITCH REGULATES RNA
INSIGHTS
PHOTO: (MIDDLE) LUKE SEITZ/WWW.LUKESEITZART.COM
Nutrient metabolism in bacteria is
controlled by a circuit in which RNA
is regulated by RNA
By J. Chen and S. Gottesman
▶
REPORTS PP. 937 & 940
PERSPECTIVES
868
IMPRINT OF AN ANCIENT
CONFLAGRATION
Evidence is found for the massive stars
that populated the early universe
By V. Bromm
▶
REPORT P. 912
878
SENSING NECTAR’S SWEETNESS
A taste receptor evolves to sense sugar
in adapting to the diet of some birds
By P. Jiang and G. K. Beauchamp
▶
REPORT P. 929
882
Science
Staff ............................................. 854
New Products ............................................ 954
Science
Careers .........................................955
22 AUGUST 2014 • VOL 345 ISSUE 6199
879
HOW DO CORAL REEFS RECOVER?
870
CARBON CYCLING IN THE ARCTIC
Sunlight drives the emission of carbon
from arctic waters
By L. Tranvik
▶
REPORT P. 925
Experiments on juvenile coral and fish
behavior may have implications for reef
restoration efforts
By J. F. Bruno
▶
RESEARCH ARTICLE P. 892
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
851
Published by AAAS
CONTENTS
2 2 AU G U S T 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 5 • I S S U E 6 1 9 9
8
876, 937, & 940
Rib
Riboswitch-based regulation
RESEARCH
IN BRIEF
REPORTS
903
QUANTUM OPTICS
All-optical routing of single photons by
a one-atom switch controlled by a single
photon
I. Shomroni
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 871
886
From
Science
and other journals
REVIEW
906
HELIUM SUPERFLUIDITY
Shapes and vorticities of superfluid
helium nanodroplets
L. F. Gomez
et al.
889
STEM CELL THERAPY
Use of differentiated pluripotent stem
cells in replacement therapy for treating
disease
I. J. Fox
et al.
REVIEW SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1247391
909
NANOPARTICLE IMAGING
Electron microscopy of gold nanoparti-
cles at atomic resolution
M. Azubel
et al.
870 & 925
RIBOSWITCHES
937
A riboswitch-containing sRNA
controls gene expression by
sequestration of a response
regulator
S. DebRoy
et al.
912
MASSIVE STARS
A chemical signature of first-generation
very massive stars
W. Aoki
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 868
RESEARCH ARTICLES
891
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Reverse-engineering censorship in
China: Randomized experimentation and
participant observation
G. King
et al.
RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1251722
▶
NEWS STORY P. 859; PODCAST
916
NANOPARTICLE GROWTH
Facet development during platinum
nanocube growth
H.-G. Liao
et al.
940
Sequestration of a two-
component response regulator by
a riboswitch-regulated noncoding
RNA
J. R. Mellin
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 876
919
GLACIERS
Attribution of global glacier mass loss
to anthropogenic and natural causes
B. Marzeion
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 872
892
REEF ECOLOGY
Chemically mediated behavior of
recruiting corals and fishes: A tipping
point that may limit reef recovery
D. L. Dixson
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 879
943
IMMUNOGENETICS
Chromatin state dynamics during
blood formation
D. Lara-Astiaso
et al.
922
POLIO ERADICATION
Efficacy of inactivated poliovirus
vaccine in India
H. Jafari
et al.
▶
NEWS STORY P. 861
950
PLANT GENETICS
Early allopolyploid evolution in the
post-Neolithic
Brassica napus
oilseed
genome
B. Chalhoub
et al.
897
CLIMATE
Varying planetary heat sink led
to global-warming slowdown and
acceleration
X. Chen and K.-K. Tung
▶
NEWS STORY P. 860
925
CARBON CYCLE
Sunlight controls water column
processing of carbon in arctic fresh
waters
R. M. Cory
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 870
ON THE COVER
Tropical corals and
reef fishes (like the fish
Priacanthus
sp. and
the coral
Turbinaria
mesenterina
shown
here) are in global
decline. Recovery in
degraded reefs may
be limited because
dispersing juveniles from these groups are
attracted to chemical cues produced by
organisms in healthy reefs and are repelled
by cues from seaweeds in degraded areas.
See pages 879 and 892.
Photo: Tim Laman/
National Geographic Creative
868 & 912
929
SENSORY BIOLOGY
Evolution of sweet taste perception
in hummingbirds by transformation
of the ancestral umami receptor
M. W. Baldwin
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 878
933
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Arabidopsis
NAC45/86 direct sieve
element morphogenesis culminating
in enucleation
K. M. Furuta
et al.
PHOTO: (RIGHT) GEORGE KLING
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 875
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sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
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E D I TORIAL
A swan in the making
R
PHOTOS: (RIGHT) WENDY GARDNER; (INSET) ANDREAS KRONE/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM
eproducibility is the ugly duckling of science.
It provokes distress, denial, and passionate
calls for action. With $1.5 trillion spent globally
each year on R&D,* the idea that 80% of it is
irreproducible† can cause downright dread. It
threatens the foundations and credibility of the
scientific enterprise. But look past the surface,
and reproducibility may well be a swan in the making.
In my previous role
in industrial microbe and
process engineering, I saw
quality practices double
the productivity of R&D
and deliver microbes from
half-liter
fermentations
to 200,000-liter manufac-
turing with absolute per-
formance reproducibility.
That kind of outcome is
electrifying.
Achieving such repro-
ducibility in every lab may
offer one of the greatest
opportunities in decades
to advance the practice of
science. The path to trans-
formation already exists;
we need only look into the
“unsexy” world of manufac-
turing to learn.
After World War II, the
teachings of engineer W.
Edwards Deming on qual-
ity helped revolutionize a
Japanese
manufacturing
industry then known for
cheap, unreliable products.
By the 1980s, the quality
of Japanese products was shaking the foundations of
American electronics and car companies. Today, such
uncompromising quality is ubiquitous and expected.
This kind of quality didn’t “just happen.” When I
was an intern at a General Motors subsidiary in the
1980s, the halls were rife with complaints that it was
impossible to meet new and stricter specifications.
Discussions today in the halls of science are not so
different. Researchers complain about the seemingly
impossible task of tracking all the variables needed to
ensure reproducibility; they question whether the ob-
session with reproducibility is overkill; and they fear
that the methods of quality improvement will snuff
“Achieving reproducible
research…will take a collective
movement to change the
incentives, culture, and tool sets
of science.”
out the flexibility needed to innovate.
Such reactions are actually quite correct. Today’s
methods of manufacturing quality are too cumbersome
and too restrictive for the dynamic and evolutionary
nature of scientific thinking.
It’s time to fix that.
Behavioral economics has shown that removing
even trivial hurdles can vastly improve the adoption of
beneficial practices. In one
randomized study, people
were 29% more likely to
attend college when their
student aid forms were
automatically populated.‡
Similarly, the digital capa-
bilities in your pocket can
lower the barriers to qual-
ity by automating most of
its complexity. For example,
my own company is build-
ing tools to automate data
acquisition via mobile de-
vices, break down lab pro-
cedures into modular steps
that are evolvable and reus-
able like lines of software
code, and automatically
analyze data trends within
and across experiments to
catch errors and their root
causes. Other companies
are also contributing to a
fast-growing ecosystem of
related tools.
Achieving reproducible
research—research we can
trust
and
build
on
efficiently, like high-quality
parts in a supply chain—will take a collective move-
ment to change the incentives, culture, and tool sets of
science. The good news is that movement has begun.
Publishers, funders, foundations, universities, regu-
lators, and companies are raising visibility, develop-
ing standards, and creating tools and incentives that
make reproducible research more accessible and more
rewarding.
It is often said that the first step in solving a prob-
lem is recognizing that you have one. Step one…check.
The scientific community is aware and taking action.
The ugly duckling is becoming a swan.
– Timothy Gardner
Timothy
Gardner is chief
executive ofcer
of Rifyn, Inc.,
in Oakland, CA,
and an advisor
to the European
Union Scientific
Committees.
E-mail: tg@rifyn.
com
*M. Grueber, T. Studt,
R&D Magazine
(December 2012). †F. Prinz
et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery
10,
712 (2011). ‡E. P. Bettinger
et al., The
Role of Simplification and Information in College Decisions
(National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2009).
10.1126/science.1259740
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
22 AUGUST 2014 • VOL 345 ISSUE 6199
855
Published by AAAS

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