Tibetan Medicine Off the Roads - Modernizing the Work of the Amchi in Spiti - Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde von Nils Florian Besch (2006).pdf

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Tibetan Medicine Off the Roads:
Modernizing the Work of the Amchi in Spiti
Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde
Vorgelegt an der Fakultät für
Verhaltens- und Empirische Kulturwissenschaften
der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
im Fach Ethnologie
Von Nils Florian Besch
Heidelberg, im August 2006
Tibetan Medicine Off the Roads:
Modernizing the Work of the Amchi in Spiti
Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde
Vorgelegt an der Fakultät für
Verhaltens- und Empirische Kulturwissenschaften
der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg im Fach Ethnologie
Erstprüfer: Prof. William S. Sax, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
Zweitprüfer: Prof. Toni Huber, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Von Nils Florian Besch
Heidelberg, im August 2006
Table of Contents – Overview
Table of Contents – Overview
Acknowledgements
Prologue Off the Roads with an Amchi ........................................................................1
1. I
NTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................10
1.1 The Land In-Between .......................................................................................17
1.2 Marginality and Modernization ......................................................................34
1.3 A Brief Institutional History of Sowa Rigpa ..................................................45
2. A
MCHI ON THE
R
OAD
.............................................................................57
2.1 Traditional Education ......................................................................................58
2.2 The Decline of the Local Transmission...........................................................76
2.3 New Ways of Education ...................................................................................86
2.4 What Makes a “Good Amchi”?.....................................................................104
3. A
MCHI AT
H
OME
..................................................................................111
3.1 Aspects of Healing...........................................................................................111
3.1.1 Pulse Reading ..........................................................................................113
3.1.2 The Making of Medicine..........................................................................125
3.1.3 Tantric Healing ........................................................................................155
3.2 The Socio-Political Dimension of Amchi Medicine......................................185
3.2.1 Social Change and the Amchi-Patient Relationship ................................187
3.2.2 Alienated in Kaza.....................................................................................206
4. M
AKING A
M
EDICAL
L
IVING
................................................................218
4.1 The Breakdown of Exchange .........................................................................219
4.2 Money for Medicine........................................................................................241
4.3 Making a Living as an Amchi........................................................................251
5. A
MCHI ON THE
M
OVE
– A P
OWER
S
TRUGGLE FOR THE
F
UTURE
......259
5.1 Demanding Professionalization .....................................................................260
5.2 Interacting with Centers ................................................................................285
5.3 Rationalization and Globalization.................................................................298
6. S
PITI
A
MCHI
O
FF THE
R
OADS
– C
ONCLUSION
....................................309
Abbreviations................................................................................................................321
Remarks on Orthography and Glossary........................................................................322
Bibliography .................................................................................................................329
Detailed Table of Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Prologue Off the Roads with an Amchi ........................................................................1
1. I
NTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................10
1.1 The Land In-Between .......................................................................................17
Setting ........................................................................................................18
Economy.....................................................................................................19
Society........................................................................................................21
Religious and Political History..................................................................24
Socio-Economic Change............................................................................27
Progressive Infrastructure.........................................................................32
1.2 Marginality and Modernization ......................................................................34
1.3 A Brief Institutional History of Sowa Rigpa ..................................................45
The Origin of Tibetan Medicine.................................................................45
The Rgyud bzhi...........................................................................................47
Developments since the Seventeenth Century............................................51
2. A
MCHI ON THE
R
OAD
.............................................................................57
2.1 Traditional Education ......................................................................................58
Family Background....................................................................................62
Principle Lines of Training........................................................................63
Knowledge and Experience .......................................................................67
The Special Status of the Lineages ............................................................69
2.2 The Decline of the Local Transmission...........................................................76
The Weight of Modern Education..............................................................76
Particularities within Pin Valley ...............................................................81
A Few Further Considerations ..................................................................83
2.3 New Ways of Education ...................................................................................86
Graduates from Men-Tsee-Khang .............................................................86
Becoming a Modern Amchi........................................................................88
Considering an Amchi Career ...................................................................94
General Survey Data on the Amchi Community ........................................99
2.4 What Makes a “Good Amchi”?.....................................................................102
Detailed Table of Contents
3. A
MCHI AT
H
OME
..................................................................................111
3.1 Aspects of Healing...........................................................................................111
3.1.1 Pulse Reading ..........................................................................................113
The Technique of Diagnosis ....................................................................114
The Potentials of Pulse Diagnosis ...........................................................116
By First Touch .........................................................................................121
Changing the Meaning of Diagnosing.....................................................123
3.1.2 The Making of Medicine .........................................................................125
Producing Medicine.................................................................................126
Global and Local Changes Regarding Medicine ....................................132
Competing Resources ..............................................................................134
The Efficacy of Medicine .........................................................................136
Reducing Medicine ..................................................................................142
Ritual Empowerment................................................................................144
Powder versus Pill – Debating Efficacy ..................................................147
One Step Beyond – Visions ......................................................................151
The Essential Dilemma: An Amchi Needs Medicine ...............................154
3.1.3 Tantric Healing ........................................................................................155
Separating Medicine and Religion ..........................................................155
A Pluralism of Religious Practitioners....................................................158
Mental Illness and Evil Spirits.................................................................164
The Musician’s Illness .............................................................................170
Creating Tantric Power ...........................................................................173
Status and Identity ...................................................................................179
The Collective and the Individual ............................................................181
3.2 The Socio-Political Dimension of Amchi Medicine......................................185
3.2.1 Social Change and the Amchi-Patient Relationship ................................187
The Dissolution of the Amchi’s Monopoly...............................................188
Health Care Seeking Behavior ................................................................191
Breaking-Away from Mutuality ...............................................................195
Social Status.............................................................................................198
Village Politics.........................................................................................201
Individual Amchi-Patient Interactions.....................................................204
3.2.2 Alienated in Kaza.....................................................................................206
Being an Amchi in Kaza...........................................................................207
Drawing Status from NGO Activity? .......................................................211
Political and Institutional Engagement ...................................................213

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