On the Wrong Side of Globalization - Joseph Stiglitz.pdf

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On the Wrong Side of Globalization
March 15, 2014 5:06 pm
The Great Divide is a series about inequality.
Trade agreements are a subject that can cause the eyes to glaze over, but we
should all be paying attention. Right now, there are trade proposals in the works that
threaten to put most Americans on the wrong side of globalization.
The conflicting views about the agreements are actually tearing at the fabric of the
his State of the Union address, for example, he blandly referred to “new trade
partnerships” that would “create more jobs.” Most immediately at issue is the Trans-
Pacific Partnership, or TPP, which would bring together 12 countries along the Pacific
Rim in what would be the largest free trade area in the world.
Negotiations for the TPP began in 2010, for the purpose, according to the United
tariffs and other trade barriers among participating countries. But the TPP
negotiations have been taking place in secret, forcing us to rely on leaked drafts to
guess at the proposed provisions. At the same time, Congress introduced a bill this year
that would grant the White House filibuster-proof fast-track authority, under which
Congress simply approves or rejects whatever trade agreement is put before it, without
revisions or amendments.
Controversy has erupted, and justifiably so. Based on the leaks — and the history
of arrangements in past trade pacts — it is easy to infer the shape of the whole TPP,
and it doesn’t look good. There is a real risk that it will benefit the wealthiest sliver of
the American and global elite at the expense of everyone else. The fact that such a plan
is under consideration at all is testament to how deeply inequality reverberates
through our economic policies.
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Worse, agreements like the TPP are only one aspect of a larger problem: our gross
mismanagement of globalization.
Let’s tackle the history first. In general, trade deals today are markedly different
from those made in the decades following World War II, when negotiations focused on
lowering tariffs. As tariffs came down on all sides, trade expanded, and each country
could develop the sectors in which it had strengths and as a result, standards of living
would rise. Some jobs would be lost, but new jobs would be created.
Today, the purpose of trade agreements is different. Tariffs around the world are
already low. The focus has shifted to “nontariff barriers,” and the most important of
these — for the corporate interests pushing agreements — are regulations. Huge
multinational corporations complain that inconsistent regulations make business
costly. But most of the regulations, even if they are imperfect, are there for a reason: to
protect workers, consumers, the economy and the environment.
What’s more, those regulations were often put in place by governments
responding to the democratic demands of their citizens. Trade agreements’ new
boosters euphemistically claim that they are simply after regulatory harmonization, a
clean-sounding phrase that implies an innocent plan to promote efficiency. One could,
of course, get regulatory harmonization by strengthening regulations to the highest
standards everywhere. But when corporations call for harmonization, what they really
mean is a race to the bottom.
When agreements like the TPP govern international trade — when every country
has agreed to similarly minimal regulations — multinational corporations can return
to the practices that were common before the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts became
law (in 1970 and 1972, respectively) and before the latest financial crisis hit.
Corporations everywhere may well agree that getting rid of regulations would be good
for corporate profits. Trade negotiators might be persuaded that these trade
agreements would be good for trade and corporate profits. But there would be some
big losers — namely, the rest of us.
These high stakes are why it is especially risky to let trade negotiations proceed in
secret. All over the world, trade ministries are captured by corporate and financial
interests. And when negotiations are secret, there is no way that the democratic
process can exert the checks and balances required to put limits on the negative effects
of these agreements.
The secrecy might be enough to cause significant controversy for the TPP. What
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we know of its particulars only makes it more unpalatable. One of the worst is that it
allows corporations to seek restitution in an international tribunal, not only for unjust
expropriation, but also for alleged diminution of their potential profits as a result of
regulation. This is not a theoretical problem. Philip Morris has already tried this tactic
against Uruguay, claiming that its antismoking regulations, which have won accolades
from the World Health Organization, unfairly hurt profits, violating a bilateral trade
treaty between Switzerland and Uruguay. In this sense, recent trade agreements are
reminiscent of the Opium Wars, in which Western powers successfully demanded that
China keep itself open to opium because they saw it as vital in correcting what
otherwise would be a large trade imbalance.
Provisions already incorporated in other trade agreements are being used
elsewhere to undermine environmental and other regulations. Developing countries
pay a high price for signing on to these provisions, but the evidence that they get more
investment in return is scant and controversial. And though these countries are the
most obvious victims, the same issue could become a problem for the United States, as
well. American corporations could conceivably create a subsidiary in some Pacific Rim
country, invest in the United States through that subsidiary, and then take action
against the United States government — getting rights as a “foreign” company that
they would not have had as an American company. Again, this is not just a theoretical
possibility: There is already some evidence that companies are choosing how to funnel
their money into different countries on the basis of where their legal position in
relation to the government is strongest.
There are other noxious provisions. America has been fighting to lower the cost of
health care. But the TPP would make the introduction of generic drugs more difficult,
and thus raise the price of medicines. In the poorest countries, this is not just about
moving money into corporate coffers: thousands would die unnecessarily. Of course,
those who do research have to be compensated. That’s why we have a patent system.
But the patent system is supposed to carefully balance the benefits of intellectual
written before about how the system has been abused by those seeking patents for the
genes that predispose women to breast cancer. The Supreme Court ended up rejecting
those patents, but not before many women suffered unnecessarily. Trade agreements
provide even more opportunities for patent abuse.
The worries mount. One way of reading the leaked negotiation documents
suggests that the TPP would make it easier for American banks to sell risky derivatives
around the world, perhaps setting us up for the same kind of crisis that led to the Great
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Recession.
In spite of all this, there are those who passionately support the TPP and
agreements like it, including many economists. What makes this support possible is
bogus, debunked economic theory, which has remained in circulation mostly because
it serves the interests of the wealthiest.
Free trade was a central tenet of economics in the discipline’s early years. Yes,
there are winners and losers, the theory went, but the winners can always compensate
the losers, so that free trade (or even freer trade) is a win-win. This conclusion,
unfortunately, is based on numerous assumptions, many of which are simply wrong.
The older theories, for instance, simply ignored risk, and assumed that workers
could move seamlessly between jobs. It was assumed that the economy was at full
employment, so that workers displaced by globalization would quickly move from low-
productivity sectors (which had thrived simply because foreign competition was kept
at bay through tariffs and other trade restrictions) to high-productivity sectors. But
when there is a high level of unemployment, and especially when a large percentage of
the unemployed have been out of work long-term (as is the case now), there can’t be
such complacency.
Today, there are 20 million Americans who would like a full-time job but can’t get
one. Millions have stopped looking. So there is a real risk that individuals moved from
low productivity-employment in a protected sector will end up zero-productivity
members of the vast ranks of the unemployed. This hurts even those who keep their
jobs, as higher unemployment puts downward pressure on wages.
We can argue over why our economy isn’t performing the way it’s supposed to —
whether it’s because of a lack of aggregate demand, or because our banks, more
interested in speculation and market manipulation than lending, are not providing
adequate funds to small and medium-size enterprises. But whatever the reasons, the
reality is that these trade agreements do risk increasing unemployment.
One of the reasons that we are in such bad shape is that we have mismanaged
globalization. Our economic policies encourage the outsourcing of jobs: Goods
produced abroad with cheap labor can be cheaply brought back into the United
States. So American workers understand that they have to compete with those abroad,
and their bargaining power is weakened. This is one of the reasons that the real
median income of full-time male workers is lower than it was 40 years ago.
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American politics today compounds these problems. Even in the best of
circumstances, the old free trade theory said only that the winners could compensate
the losers, not that they would. And they haven’t — quite the opposite. Advocates of
trade agreements often say that for America to be competitive, not only will wages
have to be cut, but so will taxes and expenditures, especially on programs that are of
benefit to ordinary citizens. We should accept the short-term pain, they say, because in
the long run, all will benefit. But as John Maynard Keynes famously said in another
context, “in the long run we are all dead.” In this case, there is little evidence that the
trade agreements will lead to faster or more profound growth.
Critics of the TPP are so numerous because both the process and the theory that
undergird it are bankrupt. Opposition has blossomed not just in the United States, but
also in Asia, where the talks have stalled.
By leading a full-on rejection of fast-track authority for the TPP, the Senate
majority leader, Harry Reid, seems to have given us all a little respite. Those who see
trade agreements as enriching corporations at the expense of the 99 percent seem to
have won this skirmish. But there is a broader war to ensure that trade policy — and
globalization more generally — is designed so as to increase the standards of living of
most Americans. The outcome of that war remains uncertain.
In this series, I have repeatedly made two points: The first is that the high level of
inequality in the United States today, and its enormous increase during the past 30
years, is the cumulative result of an array of policies, programs and laws. Given that
the president himself has emphasized that inequality should be the country’s top
priority, every new policy, program or law should be examined from the perspective of
its impact on inequality. Agreements like the TPP have contributed in important ways
to this inequality. Corporations may profit, and it is even possible, though far from
assured, that gross domestic product as conventionally measured will increase. But the
well-being of ordinary citizens is likely to take a hit.
And this brings me to the second point that I have repeatedly emphasized: Trickle-
down economics is a myth. Enriching corporations — as the TPP would — will not
necessarily help those in the middle, let alone those at the bottom.
A version of this article appears in print on 03/16/2014, on page SR12 of the NewYork edition with the headline:
On the Wrong Side of Globalization.
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