SMALL ANIMAL PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE

Distemper

·         Highly contagious dz of all Canidae family animals

·         Morbillivirus, large RNA that is closely related to measles and inderpest

·         Shed via all body excretions – expecially respiratory exudates

·         Young puppies (3-6 months old) are most susceptible

·         A susceptible puppy can be safely introduced into a household 1 month after removal of a puppy that died of CDV infection

·         Spread by aerosol and repilcates in MÆ of lower respiratory tract and lymphoid tissue

·         Spreads rapidly to most epithelial tissue and CNS (especially immunodeficient puppies)

·         Signs:

a.     Ocular and nasal discharges

b.     Pneumonia - Dry cough – rapdly becomes moist and productive

c.      ADR, V+/D+, dehydrations

d.     Neurologic signs 1-3 weeks after recovery from systemic dz – zeizures, hyperestesia, pacing, circling, paresis, rhythmic motor movements (“myoclonus’)

e.     Multifocal chorioretintis – peripheral nontapetal fundus

f.        Optic neuritis

g.     Keratoconjunctiviits

h.     Nasal and digital hyperkeratosis – hardpad dz

i.        Abortion, stillbirths or birth of weak puppies

·         Clinical path:

a.     Lymphopenia – inclusions are rare

b.     May see inclusions on impressions of conjunctiva or vagaina during viremia

c.      CSF - Ý protein, Ý cells (lymphocytes)

d.     Specific CDV neurtralizing AB found w/ encephalitis

e.     Intersitial/alveolar patter w/ severee bronchopneumonia

f.        Virus neutralization of paired serum samples w/ fourfold rise confirms active infection

g.     ELISA can also be used and is more sensitive, but less widely used

·         Supportive care only

·         Even if tx is not effective, dogs should not be euthanized unless the neurologic distrubances are progressive or incompatible w/ good quality life

The Big Five Titers for CNS dz – Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neospora, Ehrlishia, Herpes virus

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

·         Liver of dogs and foxes

·         Canine adenovirus Type I – CAV-1

·         Closely related to CAV-2

·         Dogs and foxes serve as reservoirs and can be shed in urine for 6-9 months

·         Highly contagious and transmitted by contact w/ infected animals, fomites and ectoparasites

·         Oronasal exposure and localized in tonsils

·         Signs:

a.     Signs of naturally occurring ICH are seen exclusively in unvaccinated dogs < 1 year old

b.     Ocular lesions are seen in 20% of naturally occurring cases and in < 1% of dogs after attenuated vaccination

c.      Peracute dz – fever, petechia, CNS, moriburn or dead

d.     ADR, V+, fever, icterus, lymphadenopathy

e.     ‘Blue eye” – anterior uveitis occurs days to weeks later

f.        Tonsilitis

g.     Chronic dz – cirrhosis, ascities, encephalopathy and wt loss

h.     Glaucoma

i.        Immune-complex glomerulonephritis

j.        DIC

·         Clin path

a.     Leukopenia, lymphopenia

b.     Ý ALT, AST, Alk phos

c.      Bruria, Proteinuria

d.     Increased bile acids

e.     Hypoglycemia

f.        DIC – coag abnormalities

g.     Viral isolation – intranuclear inclusion bodies on tissue cultures

·         Vaccinate dam before breeding to increase level of maternal ab

·         Recovery from ICH results in long lasting immunity

·         Hypertypic Immunization – CAV2 protects against CAV1

Canine Herpes virus

·         Affects puppies < 3 weeks  old

·         Enveloped DNA

·         Transmitted transplacental, systemic via oronasal, or genital infection

·         Signs:

a.     Abortion during last 1/3 pregnancy

b.     Bright yellow, fluid stools in puppies

c.      Persistent crying of puppies

d.     Serous, mucopurulent or hemorrhagic nasal discharge

e.     Petechial hemorrhaging

f.        Erythematous rash

g.     SQ edema on vetral abdomen and inguinal region

h.     Persistent neurologic defcits in recovered puppies

i.        Older puppies show mild resp

j.        Adults can have nasal discharge, or genital secretions

·         Clin path:

a.     Leukopenia and lymphopenia

b.     Ý ALT, AST, & Alk phos

c.      Bruria and proteinuria

d.     Increased bile acids

e.     Coag abnormalities

f.        Hypoglycemia

g.     Signs look like hepatitis

h.     Fourfold rising tier on serology

·         Tx – supportive tx and fluides

·         Maintain body temp

·         One infection of hyperimmune serum may reduce mortialtiy

·         Vaccine is not curretnly available

Parvovirus

·         CPV2 causes severe gastroenteritis

·         Affinity for rapidly dividing cells

a.     intestinal crypt epithelium

b.     Myocardium in puppies < 2 weeks old

c.      Bone marrow

d.     Lymphopoietic tissue

·         Persist in environment  for long periods and is most important for perpetuating the dz but can be inactivated by bleach

·         Sources:

a.     Feces, slaiva and vomitus

b.     Fomites and mechanical vectors are primary sources

·         Affects puppies 6 weeks to 6 months

·         Signs

a.     Fever

b.     Gray, yellow blood streaked D+

c.      Dehydration and wt loss

d.     Death

e.     Myocardial dz – 3 weeks to 27 months old; die of congestive heart failure

·         Clin path

a.     Lymphopenia

b.     Virus detection is ost specific means of iconfirmation – Fecal hemagglutination, ELISA, or virus isolation

·         Tx

a.     NPA

b.     IV polyioin fluides w/ KCL

c.      BS Abs

d.     Hyperimmune serume or plasma tranfusion – esp w/ hypoalbumineim

e.     Antiemetics if V+ is persistent and uncontrolable – chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine

f.        Recombinant human granulocyte cology stimulating factor (G-CSF) and antiendotoxin hyperimmune plasma

g.     Tx parasites

h.     Slowly introduce to small highly digestivel , low fiber low fat diet (cooked rice, low fat cottage cheese, boiled lean ground beef, chicken or commerical baby food)

·         Vaccinate w/ a HIHG titer attenuated CPV2 vaccine up to 15 weeks old – especially the Rottweiller

·         Disinfect contaminated areas and utensils and properly dispose of infected feces

Canine corona virus

·         Gastroenteritis in most Canidea

·         Host specific and is shed in feces

·         Highly contagious

·         Neonates most severely affected

·         Affects villi of small intestine

·         Shed in feces for 3-14 days after initial infection

·         Can cause 2° bacterial infection

·         Yellow green to oragne malodorous D+ begins simultaneously w/ V+

·         Recovery is noted w/in 8-10 days

·         A fourfold rising IgG titer confirms infection

·         It is difficultl to assess the role of vaccines b/c infection are usually inapparent

Rabies

·         Acute viral encpehalitis of all warm blooded animals

·         Rhabdovirus, bullet shaped

·         Transmission via bite of infected animal, usualy wildlife (fox, skunk, raccoon, bobcat, coyote, bat, mongoose)

·         After muscle penetration, the virus inters therminal axons and ascendes ther peripheral nerve, spreading to the CNS – then to peripheral sensory and motor nerves

·         Stages:

a.     Prodromal – behavioral and temperment changes, mydriasis,

b.     Furious – increased response to auditory and visual sitmulation, self mutilation, musclaural incoordination

c.      Paralytic (dumb) – change in voice, dysphagia, protrusion of third eyelids, “jaw drops”, exessive salivation, coma, paralysis

·         Negri bodies in CNS

·         Direct immunofluroescent of rabies virus antigen in frest paraffin embedded nervous tisse, skin at nape of neck, or sensory vibrissae from maxillatry area

·         Protocol of dogs or cats that bite a human:

1.     Stray/unwanted/ill – euthanasia and immdiate test

2.     Owned – strict confinement for 10 days

·         Protocol of dogs or cats that are bitten by a wild animal:

3.     Immunized – revaccinate and confine for 45 days

4.     Unimmunized – euthanasia or strict isolation for 6 months and vaccinate 30 days before release

5.     Contact State Public Health Vet

Feline Panleukopenia

·         Aka Feline infectious enteritis and feline distemper

·         Is a Parvovirus

·         Same epidemiology as Canine Parvo virus

·         Can also induce CNS infection – damage to cerebellum, optic nerve and retina during prenatal or early neonatal development

·         Sings:

a.     Bile tinged V+ unrelated to eating

b.     Dehydration

c.      Small intestines have a rope like consisitency and may be painful on palpation

d.     Mesenteric lymphadenopathy

e.     Infertility, abottion or stillborns in pregnant queens

f.        Cerebellar ataxia in kettens

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